What is the meaning of Africa and of being African? What is and what is not African philosophy? Is philosophy part of Africanism ? These are the kind of fundamental questions which this book addresses. North America: Indiana U Press

The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge

List of Contributors.Introduction.1 Historiography.Philip J. Deloria (University of Colorado).2 First Contacts.John Kicza (Washington State University).3 Health, Disease, Demography.Russell Thornton (University of California, Los Angeles).4 Wag the Imperial Dog: Indians and Overseas Empires in North America, 1650-1776.Gregory E. Dowd (University of Notre Dame).5 Native Americans and the United States, Canada, and Mexico.R. David Edmunds (Indiana University).6 Languages: Linguistic Change and the Study of Indian Languages from Colonial Times to the Present.Regna Darnell (University of Western Ontario).7 Native American Systems of Knowledge.Clara Sue Kidwell (University of Oklahoma).8 Native American Spirituality: History, Theory, and Reformulation.Lee Irwin (College of Charleston).9 Indians and Christianity.Willard Rollins (University of Nevada, Las Vegas).10 Kinship, Family Kindreds, and Community.Jay Miller (Simon Fraser University).11 The Nature of Conquest: Indians, Americans, and Environmental History.Louis Warren (University of California, Davis).12 Labor and Exchange in American Indian History.Patricia Albers (University of Minnesota).13 American Indian Warfare: The Cycles of Conflict and the Militarization of Native North America.Tom Holm (University of Arizona).14 Indian Law, Sovereignty, and State Law: Native People and the Law.Sidney L. Harring (City University of New York Law School).15 Federal and State Policies and American Indians.Donald Fixico (Western Michigan University).16 Gender in Native America.Betty Bell (University of Michigan).17 Metis, Mestizo, and Mixed-Blood.Jennifer Brown (University of Winnipeg) and Theresa Schenck (Washington State University).18 Transforming Outsiders: Captivity, Adoption, and Slavery Considered.Pauline Turner Strong (University of Texas at Austin).19 Translation and Cultural Brokerage.Eric Hinderaker (University of Utah).20 Native American Literatures.P. Jane Hafen (University of Nevada, Las Vegas).21 Indigenous Art: Creating Value and Sharing Beauty.Nancy Parezo (University of Arizona).22 Performative Traditions in American Indian History.George Moses (Oklahoma State University).23 American Indian Education: by Indians vs. for Indians.K. Tsianina Lomawaima (University of Arizona).24 Wanted: More Histories of Indian Identity.Alexandra Harmon (University of Washington).25 Sovereignty.Gerald Taiaike Alfred (University of Victoria).Bibliography.Index

A Companion to American Indian History

Preface A Story of Trauma, Healing and Transformation * Rediscovering the Pipe * Incarceration and Aboriginal Inmates * Trauma, Racism, and Identity * Aboriginal Spirituality and Symbolic Healing * Following the Pipe: Elders and Spiritual Leaders * Finding the Way: Inmate Experiences * Obstacles and Detours * Case Studies in Spirituality and Healing *\"But Does it Work?\" The Story Continues References Index

Disciplined Hearts: History, Identity, and Depression in an American Indian Community@@@The Way of the Pipe: Aboriginal Spirituality and Symbolic Healing in Canadian Prisons

A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion

Zen Buddhists have long given the following advice to attain liberation: “Eat when you’re hungry. Sleep when you’re tired.” In other words: “Freedom” is the “knowledge of necessity” (Hegel, Marx, and Engels). Early Islamic communities dealt with the challenge of internal warfare and tyranny and concluded that, “sixty years of tyranny is better than one day’s anarchy.” In other words, the worst-case scenario is a war “of every man against every man,” (Thomas Hobbes) and all theories of statecraft are built upon that premise. Ever since the dawn of colonialism, indigenous peoples have been struggling for self-determination. Many, such as Comanche thinker Parra-Wa-Samen, lived and died for the right to move across a land without state or borders. In other words, “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!” (Patrick Henry).
How is it then that an English textbook could possibly focus on “freedom” as a universal value and simultaneously exclude all non-European traditions and perspectives? Why should conversations about “freedom” begin with Hegel, Hobbes, and Henry rather than the earlier examples of Zen, Islam, and indigenous peoples? If “freedom” concerns everybody then do not the conversations in academia about “freedom” by scholars (as well as rising economists, planners, and politicians) affect everybody? If democratic inclusivity entails the demand that all people affected by decisions are to be included in those very decision-making processes then contemporary academia has a problem when talking about “freedom.” In selling the term “freedom” as a universally applicable but uniquely European (and sacrosanct) idea most of the planet has been excluded from these conversations. This means that control over the idea and how it is interpreted has been determined by a very narrow range of persons, from the mid-1600s to mid-1900s: almost exclusively white, male, heterosexual, property-owning, able-bodied, and, not uncommonly, racist. 
This thesis argues that the problem goes deeper than white supremacy and patriarchy and cannot be resolved with quota systems to ensure inclusion on the basis of race or gender. Instead, the problem is two-fold: (1) dominant conceptions of “freedom,” as the opposite of “slavery,” “tyranny,” or “constraint,” are seen here as bound to a mentality and language of domination, and (2) “freedom,” as a central value in social orders, perpetuates white supremacy and patriarchy. Focus on “freedom” contra “unfreedom” obscures, disguises, or denies those “unfreedoms” upon which “freedom” is necessarily bound. Once those “unfreedoms” are exposed or recognized (whether violence, obligation, responsibility, dependency and interdependency, equality and inequality, needs, justice, limitations, etc.) the conversations about “freedom” can be spoken in a language that all cultures can understand in order to participate as equal parties. 
Toward these ends, this dissertation engages in stories from three contemporary empirical contexts in the U.S.: the Unitarian Universalist Association, the MOVE Organization, and taqwacore. Through a blend of text analysis, ethnography, storytelling, and personal experience, the purpose of this thesis is to imagine what more inclusive conversations might look like. Using the term (un)freedom to transcend the false binary of “freedom” and “unfreedom,” three potential types of (un)freedom are conceived to further the aim of democratic inclusivity: Negotiating the Limits of Language, Shouldering Incalculable Responsibility in Community, and Feeling an Obligation to Challenge Injustice.

Universal Burdens : Stories of (Un)Freedom from the Unitarian Universalist Association, The MOVE Organization, and Taqwacore

The Dream Seekers: Native American Visionary Traditions of the Great Plains

PART ONE: THEORETICAL CONCERNS Mediations of the Spirit: Native American Religious Traditions and the Ethics of Representation Ines Hernandes-Avila Cultural Identity, Authenticity, and Community Survival: The Politics of Recognition in the Study of Native American Religions John A. Grim Spirituality for Sale: Sacred Knowledge in the Consumer Age. Christopher Ronwanien:te Jocks This May Be a Feud, But It's Not a War: An Electronic, Interdisciplinary Dialogue on Teaching Native Religions Ronald L. Grimes PART TWO: DIALOGICAL RELATIONS Voice, Representation and Dialogue: The Poetics of Native American Spiritual Traditions Robin Ridington Pimadaziwin: Contemporary Rituals in Odawa Community Melissa A. Pflug The Church of the Immaculate Conception: Inculturation and Identity among the Anishnaabeg of Manitoulin Island Theresa S. Smith Nahuas and National Culture: A Contest of Appropriations Richard Haly Knowledge, Negotiation and NAGPRA: Reconceptualizing Repatriation Discourses Pia Alteri PART THREE: HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS Repatriating the Past- Recreating Indian History Clara Sue Kidwell Purity and Pollution: Unearthing an Oppositional Paradigm in the Study of Cherokee Religious Traditions Mary C. Churchill Kiowa Religion in Historical Perspective Benjamin R. Kracht The Shaker Church and the Indian Way in Native Northwest California Thomas Buckley Intertribal Traditionalism and the Religious Roots of Red Power James Treat A Brief History of Native American Religious Resistance Lee Irwin

Native American Spirituality : A Critical Reader

Dreams, Theory, and Culture: The Plains Vision Quest Paradigm

Coming Down From Above: Prophecy, Resistance, and Renewal in Native American Religions

Cherokee Healing: Myth, Dreams, And Medicine

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