Gene Mapping in Laboratory Mammals Part B

This is a review of some of the literature on the use of chromosome techniques with fish. There is a need for developing methods which leave the animal alive. Such a test is the leukocyte culture method used in human medicine. Once a reliable test has been developed the results should show more consistent karyotypes and better morphology thus providing information of use in cytotaxonomy, fish-breeding and in studying the effects of sub-lethal levels of water pollutants on fish.

Fish chromosome techniques–a review of selected literature

Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses the techniques of chromosome analysis following short- and long-term cultures in animals, including man. It presents the principle of the use of colchicine or other mitostatic chemicals for causing metaphase arrest in both meiotic and mitotic preparations dealing with pretreatment. The dispersal of chromosomes by hypotonic shock led to the evolution of most of the methods on mammalian chromosomes, but its possible drawback is the loss of certain information, like the probable association of chromosomes with satellites between them, the somatic pairing of homologues and their spatial arrangement in the equator. With relation to the initiation of leucocyte division in the peripheral blood culture, the discovery of the plant product, phytohaemagglutin in (PHA), should no doubt be considered as a landmark in the evolution of technology. Moreover, the application of organic compounds like kinetin, gibberellin, ascorbic acid and other hormones—some of which are known to initiate division in nuclei in other biological objects—on human and mammalian tissue, may give valuable results in this direction. With further refinements in technology as envisaged above, the judicious handling of the human chromosome, if not the genes, from the pre-natal to the adult phases, may perhaps successfully aim at the betterment of the human race.

Chromosome analysis following short- and long-term cultures in animals, including man

Cytogenetic analyses of lymphocytes and bone marrow cells were performed on 10 haematologically healthy dogs. A wide range of mitoses with unbalanced Robertsonian translocations (1–2 per cell) was encountered in both stimulated lymphocytes (frequency 3±1 %) and methotrexatesynchronized bone marrow cells (frequency 5±2 %) but not in bone marrow cells prepared with the direct method.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1988.tb00355.x

Unbalanced Robertsonian translocations in canine lymphocytes and bone marrow cells in vitro

SUMMARYThe chromosomic analysis of a canine neuroblastoma cultivated in vitro was carried out. The majority of the cells were hypodiploid, most frequendy having between 44–57 chromosomes. The presence of between 5–16 abnormal meta and submetacentric chromosomes suggests a mechanism of centric fusion.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00087114.1974.10796556

Cytogenetic Study of a Canine Neuroblastoma

Plasma is obtained from dog blood after 3 hr settling in a syringe. Portions of the plasma (0.5-1.0 ml) are added to 4 ml of a medium consisting of 17 parts of BME Spinner, 3 parts of calf serum, 0.5 parts of glutamine, 0.5 parts of penicillin-streptomycin, and 0.1-1.0 parts of Scarlet Runner bean phytohemagglutinin. Colchicine, 0.1 ml of 10:1 stock solution, is added after 72 hr and incubation continued for 2 hr, then centrifuged 5 min at 700 rev/min. The supernatant is discarded, 3 ml of distilled water added, and the cell suspension centrifuged again. The supernatant is discarded and the fixative, consisting of 45% glacial acetic acid allowed to act for 0.5 hr. Acetic-orcein stains of smears were very satisfactory.

Leukocyte Culture and Chromosome Preparations from Adult Dog Blood

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Leukocyte Culture and Chromosome Preparations from Adult Dog Blood