has surged in the last two decades, making them popular in- struments for a wide range of applications, and leading to a remarkable number of scientific contributions in geoscience, remote sensing and engineering. However, the development of best practices for high quality of UAV mapping are often overlooked representing a drawback for their wider adoption. UAV solutions then require an inter-disciplinary research, integrating different expertise and combining several hardware and software com- ponents on the same platform. Despite the high number of peer-reviewed papers on UAVs, little attention has been given to the interaction between research topics from different domains (such as robotics and computer vision) that impact the use of UAV in remote sensing. The aim of this paper is to (i) review best practices for the use of UAVs for remote sensing and mapping applications and (ii) report on current trends - including adjacent domains - for UAV use and discuss their future impact in photogrammetry and remote sensing. Hardware developments, navigation and acquisition strategies, and emerging solutions for data processing in innovative applications are considered in this analysis. As the number and the heterogeneity of debated topics are large, the paper is organized according to very specific questions considered most relevant by the authors.

UAV in the advent of the twenties: Where we stand and what is next

UAV-lidar aids automatic intelligent powerline inspection

The recent years have seen a rise in the incorporation and integration of new smart connected devices and platforms such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to the ubiquitous network of Internet of Things (IoT). UAVs not only offer new means of delivering value-added IoT services through a wide range of applications ranging from monitoring and surveillance to on-demand last-mile delivery and people transport, but they also promise a pragmatic solution to the limitations of fixed terrestrial IoT infrastructure. Owning to their potential, UAVs are expected to soon be an integral part of our cities, dominating the shared low-altitude airspace. This introduces new research challenges in privacy, security and most notably in the safe management of UAVs’ operation under high traffic demands. To this end, this work presents a holistic study on the current state-of-the-art of UAVs and low-altitude airspace traffic management. This work additionally explores the technical standardisation landscape and highlights synergies between scientific research and standardisation efforts towards enabling safe UAV operations, while taking into consideration additional IoT inherent challenges such as security, data protection and privacy.

/pdf/the-rise-of-drones-in-internet-of-things-a-survey-on-the-kjtigis1kl.pdf

The Rise of Drones in Internet of Things: A Survey on the Evolution, Prospects and Challenges of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The rapid increase of low-cost consumer-grade to enterprise-level unmanned aerial systems (UASs) has resulted in the exponential use of these systems in many applications. Structure from motion with multiview stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry is now the baseline for the development of orthoimages and 3D surfaces (e.g., digital elevation models). The horizontal and vertical positional accuracies (x, y and z) of these products in general, rely heavily on the use of ground control points (GCPs). However, for many applications, the use of GCPs is not possible. Here we tested 14 UASs to assess the positional and within-model accuracy of SfM-MVS reconstructions of low-relief landscapes without GCPs ranging from consumer to enterprise-grade vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) platforms. We found that high positional accuracy is not necessarily related to the platform cost or grade, rather the most important aspect is the use of post-processing kinetic (PPK) or real-time kinetic (RTK) solutions for geotagging the photographs. SfM-MVS products generated from UAS with onboard geotagging, regardless of grade, results in greater positional accuracies and lower within-model errors. We conclude that where repeatability and adherence to a high level of accuracy are needed, only RTK and PPK systems should be used without GCPs.

/pdf/accuracy-of-3d-landscape-reconstruction-without-ground-58hzcgkymr.pdf

Accuracy of 3D Landscape Reconstruction without Ground Control Points Using Different UAS Platforms

This paper presents a study on autonomous UAV traffic management. As the need for autonomous UAVs grows every year, there must be a system in place for controlling the vehicles. Modern methods of air traffic control may be found ineffective to cope with the expected density of vehicles. Research of UAV is snowballing, but methods of UAV traffic management (UTM) are yet to be kickstarted. There is no backbone of how the UTM system should be built, and as of now, the solutions solve the problems of today, ignoring the ever so growing need for autonomy. In this paper, the current state-of-the-art of UTM was described, including the problem statement and exposure of autonomous UTM (a-UTM) in the scientific literature. The main findings reveal that manufacturers of the UAV’s are launching autonomous vehicles only in less developed airspaces, where due to lack of infrastructure benefits outweigh the risks. Developed airspaces without regulation and infrastructure to accommodate the autonomy are restricting any testing and trials of such systems. There is a demand for a scalable a-UTM solution for BVLOS and fully-autonomous flight control in developed airspace.

The wild west of drones: a review on autonomous- UAV traffic-management

The need to develop and deploy Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) aerial vehicles has intensified over the last decade. As the demand for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) has increased, so too has the regulations that surrounds the industry. Strict regulations are currently in place but differ from country to country. Due to these regulations BVLOS innovators have been posed the task of exploring the means of operating flight missions with the UAV out of the sight of the pilot. Autonomous flight capability is not only fundamental to BVLOS operations for UAS but also likely to have a significant impact on the future development of passenger carrying autonomous aircraft. This review explores the technologies that have been developed to date that enable BVLOS applications. BVLOS flight operations have the potential to open a huge area of commercial opportunity however, there remain many concerns about the current capabilities of UAS to detect and avoid manned and unmanned airborne hazards that may pose a significant safety risk.

/pdf/review-of-unmanned-aircraft-system-technologies-to-enable-2ouk510psf.pdf

Review of Unmanned Aircraft System Technologies to Enable Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Operations

The role of Unmanned Aircraft Systems have increased substantially in recent years and are now not only used for personal use but for commercial, search and rescue and military application. The increase of the UAS will pose a significant safety risk to not only buildings and property but to the public and general air travel. This increase will undoubtedly cause a significant strain on Air Traffic Control (ATC) system and will lead to UAS not being used to their full potential. The use of autonomous UAS will increase over the coming years, and a reliable system of Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) will be needed both for effective safety and reliability. Currently, there is no real framework in place to accommodate low level UAS in urban airspace. This research aims to discover the current state of the art technologies and innovations developed to create a workable UTM framework giving an overview of the various methods available to analyse the likelihood of a UTM being developed. The findings of the paper show that there is a definitive need for such a system to be developed and maintained if UAVs are to be incorporated into everyday life.

/pdf/review-of-air-traffic-management-systems-for-uav-integration-54p2i9xndl.pdf

Review of Air Traffic Management Systems for UAV Integration into Urban Airspace

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Review of Unmanned Aircraft System Technologies to Enable Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Operations

Review of Air Traffic Management Systems for UAV Integration into Urban Airspace