In this study, we propose and demonstrate the usefulness of employing time-varying magnetization of a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) based sample, induced by low frequency (f = 25 Hz) triangular-wave magnetic field, to achieve the approach of real-time recording of magnetization curve, which allows precise and noninvasive temperature probing with real-time performance Moreover, the present report introduces the design and performed the test of a detection system for accurate and real-time recording of the magnetization curve of MNP-based samples We found that by employing the magnetization curve of a magnetic fluid sample containing magnetite nanoparticles of about 30 nm in diameter the accuracy of the temperature probing is about 032 K (01% relative accuracy), with response time of 1 s Furthermore, an increase in response time from 1 to 8 s improves the accuracy of temperature probing from 032 to 020 K Finally, we envisage that breakthroughs in clinical hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery and basic cell research can be accomplished while using the approach reported in this study

Real-time magnetic nanothermometry: the use of magnetization of magnetic nanoparticles assessed under low frequency triangle-wave magnetic fields

The effect of the nonlinear time-drift gain in the power amplifier on the instability in a magnetic nanothermometer was studied to allow a very stable magnetic nanotermometer to be designed, which was then used to measure the temperature of a light-emitting diode pn-junction. Experiments showed that the system response fluctuated by less than 0.04% and the temperature measurement error was less than 0.1 K when real-time measurements were made at 1 s intervals. The temperature of a pn-junction of a light-emitting diode cooled using a heat sink or circulating water was measured successfully using the improved magnetic nanothermometer.

Design and use of a very stable magnetic nanothermometer

The signal transmission module of a magnetic nanoparticle thermometer (MNPT) was established in this study to analyze the error sources introduced during the signal flow in the hardware system. The underlying error sources that significantly affected the precision of the MNPT were determined through mathematical modeling and simulation. A transfer module path with the minimum error in the hardware system was then proposed through the analysis of the variations of the system error caused by the significant error sources when the signal flew through the signal transmission module. In addition, a system parameter, named the signal-to-AC bias ratio (i.e., the ratio between the signal and AC bias), was identified as a direct determinant of the precision of the measured temperature. The temperature error was below 0.1 K when the signal-to-AC bias ratio was higher than 80 dB, and other system errors were not considered. The temperature error was below 0.1 K in the experiments with a commercial magnetic fluid (Sample SOR-10, Ocean Nanotechnology, Springdale, AR, USA) when the hardware system of the MNPT was designed with the aforementioned method.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/4/8624/pdf

Magnetic Nanoparticle Thermometer: An Investigation of Minimum Error Transmission Path and AC Bias Error

The invention discloses a magnetic nano temperature imaging method. The method includes applying a constant direct-current magnetic field and a constant alternating-current magnetic field to an area where magnetic nanoparticle samples are positioned at the same time, collecting alternating-current magnetized strength signals of magnetic nanoparticles, and detecting out each odd harmonic amplitude value; replacing a constant direct-current gradient field by a combined direct-current magnetic field containing a gradient magnetic field, collecting alternating-current magnetized strength signals of the magnetic nanoparticles, and detecting out each odd harmonic amplitude value; calculating difference of the harmonic amplitude values of the two times; utilizing Taylor series of a Langevin function to unfold and establish a relation formula of the odd harmonic amplitude values and temperature, and solving the relation formula to acquire in-vivo temperature; changing the direct-current gradient field to a next position until temperature measuring of the whole one-dimensional space is completed. Different exciting magnetic fields are applied to the magnetic nanoparticles, so that temperature imaging of the one-dimensional space is converted into solving of point temperature of each minizone, and a temperature field of the one-dimensional space can be precisely and quickly acquired without knowing concentration of the magnetic nanoparticles.

Magnetic nano temperature imaging method and magnetic nano temperature imaging system

In various embodiments magnetically actuated liquid crystals are provided as well as method of manufacturing such, methods of using the liquid crystals and devices incorporating the liquid crystals. In one non-limiting embodiment the liquid crystals comprise Fe 3 O 4 nanorods where the nanorods are coated with a silica coating.

Highly tunable magnetic liquid crystals

The invention discloses an in vivo temperature measuring method based on alternating magnetization intensity of magnetic nanoparticles and belongs to the technical field of nanometer testing. The method comprises the steps of putting a magnetic nanometer reagent at the position of a to-be-tested object, applying an alternating excitation field to an area of the magnetic nanometer reagent, collecting the alternating magnetization intensity of the magnetic nanometer reagent under action of the alternating excitation field, detecting all odd harmonic amplitudes in an alternating magnetization intensity signal, and finally calculating an in vivo temperature according to a relation of a harmonic and the temperature. The relation of all the odd harmonics and the in vivo temperature is preset through a discretization Langevin function and Fourier transform, and the in vivo temperature is solved through the relation without considering density information of the magnetic nanoparticles and variation, of effective magnetic moments, with the temperature during the solving process. Accurate detection of the in vivo temperature is achieved.

In vivo temperature measuring method and system based on alternating magnetization intensity of magnetic nanoparticles

This paper aims to design a system that can measure AC sample magnetization employing a pair of differentiating detection coils. A pair of Helmholtz coils generated the applied magnetic field. A new model and a pair of differentiating coils were used to reject the intrinsic residual of the applied magnetic field, which was caused by the mechanical positioning error of detection coils. The system design is very simple, low-cost, and easy to implement with only two parts: hardware and software. The experimental results indicated that the rejection of the applied magnetic field with a residual is about 0.05%, relative to the sample magnetization.

AC magnetization measurement employing a pair of differentiating coils for magnetic nanoparticle noninvasive and remote temperature estimation

The invention discloses a method for in-vivo temperature measurement based on AC magnetization of magnetic nanoparticles, and relates to a nano test technology field. The invention positions magnetic nano agent at an area of a measured object, applies an AC excitation magnetic field to the area of the magnetic nano agent, collects an AC magnetization signal of the magnetic nano agent under the AC excitation magnetic field, detects amplitudes of odd harmonics of the AC magnetization signal, and finally calculates in-vivo temperature according to a relationship between the odd harmonics and the in-vivo temperature. The invention predetermines the relationship between the odd harmonics and the in-vivo temperature via the discrete Langevin's function and the Fourier transformation, solves the in-vivo temperature according to the relationship without considering concentration of the magnetic nanoparticles, and effective moment as temperature varies, and thus accurately detecting the in-vivo temperature.

Method and system for in-vivo temperature measurement based on ac magnetization of magnetic nanoparticle

The effects of applied magnetic field on the accuracy of magnetic nanothermometry were investigated through simulation and experiments. The simulation showed that increasing the applied magnetic field improves the accuracy of temperature measurement. In the simulation, a series of first-order Langevin functions was constructed to calculate temperatures within 310 K to 320 K. Experimental results showed that the standard deviations were 1.9 K and 0.28 K in the 5 to 95 and 5 to 410 Oe ranges of applied magnetization field, respectively, in which a real-time magnetization curve recording system under low-frequency (f = 25 Hz) triangle wave was employed to achieve magnetization of superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The experimental results were consistent with those of the simulation. In addition, the mean-square error (MSE) of discretization of the applied magnetic field was discussed to evaluate the results. MSE decreased with the increase in applied magnetic field. Finally, we emphasized the significance of improved temperature probing in hyperthermia and living cells.

Effect of applied magnetic field on remote and noninvasive magnetic nanothermometry

A magnetic nano-particle alternating current magnetization intensity-based body temperature measurement method comprises: placing magnetic nano reagent at a to-be-measured object, applying an alternating current excitation magnetic field to a region where the magnetic nano reagent is located, collecting magnetic nano-particle alternating current magnetization intensity under a function of the alternating current excitation magnetic field, detecting each odd harmonic amplitude value in alternating current magnetization intensity signals, and finally calculating body temperature based on a relational expression between harmonic and temperature. Through a discrete langevin function and Fourier transform, the method pre-establishes the relational expression between each odd harmonic component and the body temperature. The body temperature is analyzed through the relational expression. During an analysis process, the body temperature can be accurately detected without considering magnetic nano-particle concentration information and status of effective magnetic torque change by temperature.

Magnetic nano-particle alternating current magnetization intensity-based body temperature measurement method and system

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