The mechanisms of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) are discussed and their shortcomings identified. The kinetics of the processes involved are analyzed for constant-current and constant-voltage conditions. A method of determining the Hamaker constant of suspended particles is developed by modeling the relationship between the particle inter-action energy and the suspension stability. A three-probe dc technique is used to map the voltage profile around the depositing electrode, and the results are used to explain discrepancies between the calculated and experimentally observed voltage drops during deposition. A mechanism of deposition is proposed based on DLVO theory and particle double-layer distortion/thinning on application of a dc field to the suspension. Kinetic equations are developed for constant-current and constant-voltage EPD using mass balance conditions; these are verified by experiments. After the phenomenon is introduced and discussed, a critique of the application of EPD to the synthesis of ceramic shapes and coatings is given.

Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD): Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Application to Ceramics

▪ Abstract The electrophoretic deposition of materials is reviewed. Numerous applications of electrophoretic deposition are described, including production of coatings, free-standing objects, and laminated or graded materials, infiltration of porous materials, and fabrication of woven fiber preforms. The preparation of electrophoretic suspensions is discussed as are a number of mechanisms of deposition that have been proposed elsewhere. In discussing the kinetics of the process, primary attention is given to the relation between the evolution of the current and the electric field strength.

Electrophoretic deposition of materials

A superconducting article including a flexible polycrystalline metal substrate, a layer of an adhesion layer material upon the surface of the flexible polycrystalline metal substrate, a layer of a cubic oxide material upon the adhesion layer material, the first layer of cubic oxide material deposited by ion beam assisted deposition, a layer of a buffer material upon the ion beam assisted deposited cubic oxide material layer, and, a layer of YBCO upon the buffer material layer is provided and has demonstrated Jc's of 13 X 106 A/cm2, and Ic's of 120 Amperes across a sample 1 cm wide

High temperature superconducting thick films

Alumina, zirconia, titania, lead zirconate titanate, hydroxyapatite and chemically bonded ceramics in the system CaO-SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 were deposited via electrophoretic or/and electrolytic deposition methods on individual carbon fibers, bundles and felts, which served as cathodic substrates. Experimental conditions were determined for formation of uniform deposits of controlled thickness. After burning out of carbon fibers the corresponding ceramic replicas can be obtained. The possibility to form multilayer alumina/zirconia hollow fibers with sharp interfaces between alumina and zirconia layers has been demonstrated. Obtained coatings and fibers were studied by SEM. Experimental results obtained by electrophoretic and electrolytic deposition methods were compared.

Electrophoretic and electrolytic deposition of ceramic coatings on carbon fibers

A single dielectric barrier aerodynamic plasma actuator apparatus based on the dielectric barrier discharge phenomenon is disclosed and suggested for application to aerodynamic uses for drag reduction, stall elimination and airfoil efficiency improvement. In the plasma actuator apparatus non-uniform in time and space, partially ionized gasses are generated by one or more electrode pairs each having one electrically encapsulated electrode and one air stream exposed electrode and energization by a high-voltage alternating current waveform. The influence of electrical waveform variation, electrode polarity, electrode size and electrode shape on the achieved plasma are considered along with theoretical verification of achieved results. Light output, generated thrust, ionizing current waveform and magnitude and other variables are considered. Misconceptions prevailing in the present day plasma generation art are addressed and are believed-to-be corrected. The influence of electrostatic shielding effects of the developed plasma on the applied electric field are also considered.

Single dielectric barrier aerodynamic plasma actuation

Long superconductor fibers have been continuously produced by electrophoretically depositing REBa2Cu3O7−x (where RE=Y or a selected rare‐earth element) powder onto a metal substrate fiber and sintering, then electrophoretically depositing silver and sintering. After collecting the coated fiber on a take‐up spool, the entire spool is batch‐oxygenated to form the 90 K superconducting phase. Multiple fibers are then continuously unspooled and soldered into a copper channel to form the final multifilamentary high‐temperature superconductor wire. Superconducting fibers over 1000 m long and multifilamentary wire 70 m long have been produced.

Continuous fabrication of high-temperature superconductor coated metal fiber and multifilamentary wire

A ceramic superconductor comprises a substantially nonmagnetic preannealed nickel-based alloy substrate which supports a ceramic superconductor. The substrate may include aluminum to strengthen the substrate, make it less magnetic and enhance its chemical compatibility with the ceramic superconductor. The ceramic is formed on the substrate by sintering superconductor grains at temperatures above 1000° C. to enhance densification of the ceramic.

Nickel-based substrate for ceramic superconductor

A substrate for supporting a ceramic superconductor comprises a metallic base member precoated with an yttrium oxide, rare earth oxide, or zirconium oxide layer and having a constituent oxide former which establishes an oxide layer with the yttrium oxide, rare earth oxide, or zirconium oxide on the surface of the substrate A layer of ceramic superconducting material covers the substrate with the oxide layer between the metallic base member and the ceramic superconductor layer to inhibit the interdiffusion of respective constituent elements between the metallic base member and the ceramic layer For applications requiring the transmission of electrical current through the ceramic layer over relatively extensive distances, the substrate can be formed as a wire or ribbon

Substrate for ceramic superconductor with improved barrier

Improved methods and techniques for fabricating a panel of control cells, or a “control panel”, useful in various electromagnetic turbulence control (EMTC) applications includes a layered structure which includes three main components or layers: a metal substrate or backing plate having a high magnetic permeability; a ribbed magnetic structure attached to the metal substrate; and an electrode board bonded to the ribs of the magnetic structure. The ribbed magnetic structure is realized, in one embodiment, by a series of rare earth permanent magnets placed side-by-side using a bowed tool to create permanent magnet columns. The magnet columns thus formed are precisely positioned and glued to the substrate or backing plate so as to form parallel magnetic ribs. An electrode board, similar to a printed circuit board, is then bonded to the ribs of the magnet columns, e.g., so that a back side of such electrode board rests on top of the magnetic columns or ribs. The electrode board includes a matrix of electrodes formed on its front surface. The boards are constructed in such a way that the electrodes are protected from exposure to corrosive elements. Electrical access to the electrodes is made from the back surface of the electrode board and, via access holes provided through the backing plate, from behind the backing plate.

Method and apparatus for fabricating panels used for the active control of surface drag

A method for heat processing a superconductor wire which has a protective silver cladding includes the steps of attaching the coated wire to a spool and then rotating the spool to wind the wire around the spool in juxtaposed coils. As the wire is being wound around the spool, the portions of the wire which are not yet coiled are drawn through a container which holds a paint that contains a silver diffusion inhibiting material. The diffusion inhibiting material is consequently deposited onto the silver cladding of the superconductor wire, and the coiled wire is subsequently placed in a furnace. The wire is heat processed in the furnace as appropriate for the particular type of superconductor material. The diffusion inhibitor material prevents diffusion of silver during the heat processing between portions of the wire which contact each other.

Process for non-destructive heat treatment of spooled silver coated high temperature superconductor

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