THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Processing technologies for poly(lactic acid)

Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications - A comprehensive review.

Biofibres and Biocomposites

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) provide the customers with more alternatives in the material market due to their unique advantages. Poor fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion may, however, negatively affect the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composites due to the surface incompatibility between hydrophilic natural fibers and non-polar polymers (thermoplastics and thermosets). A variety of silanes (mostly trialkoxysilanes) have been applied as coupling agents in the NFPCs to promote interfacial adhesion and improve the properties of composites. This paper reviews the recent progress in using silane coupling agents for NFPCs, summarizes the effective silane structures from the silane family, clarifies the interaction mechanisms between natural fibers and polymer matrices, and presents the effects of silane treatments on the mechanical and outdoor performance of the resulting composites.

Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer composites: A review

Characterization of microcellular foamed plastic/cellulosic fiber composites

Evaluation of adhesion between PVC and surface-treated wood veneer laminates

This study was aimed to identify the best approach for incorporating cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) into a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix by examining two different CNC addition approaches. The first approach consisted of melt blending PLA and CNCs in a three-piece internal mixer whereas the second method involved the direct dry mixing of PLA and CNCs. The prepared compounded materials were then blown into films and compared in terms of fiber dispersion, optical, thermal and barrier properties. The experimental results indicated that the extent of fiber dispersion was not influenced by the CNC addition method, i.e., good dispersion was achieved by either method. However, the melt blended PLA/CNC films thermomechanically degraded during the melt blending process. Consequently, the melt blended PLA/CNC films had inferior properties than their direct dry blended counterparts. Thus, the direct dry blending process appeared to be the best approach of incorporating CNCs into the PLA matrix.

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2017/fpl_2017_karkhanis001.pdf

Effect of compounding approaches on fiber dispersion and performance of poly(lactic acid)/cellulose nanocrystal composite blown films

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are routinely produced as aqueous suspensions. These are then typically freeze-dried in order to be added into polymeric composites using melt-blending. However, dispersing freeze-dried CNCs into hydrophobic polymers is a challenge. In this study, our objective was to advance our understanding of the impact of freeze-drying methods on the morphology of dried cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and on the tensile properties of the resulting PLA-CNC nanocomposites. CNCs were prepared as aqueous suspensions with 10.7% solids content using a sulfuric acid method, and freeze-dried using a procedure typical to our laboratory. In addition, the CNC aqueous suspension was diluted to 1% and directly freeze-dried or sonicated for 10 or 30 minutes, flash frozen, and freeze-dried. The particle size and morphology of the CNCs before and after freeze drying were determined by microscopy. CNCs were then incorporated into PLA using melt-blending extrusion and injection molding. The PLA-CNC nanocomposites were tested for thermal and mechanical properties. Before freeze-drying, CNCs were nano-scale, while agglomerations were observed after freeze-drying. The agglomerate sizes were reduced with dilution and/or increased sonication time, with fibrillar structures observable after sonication and flash freezing. PLA-CNC composites containing CNCs that were subjected to dilution, sonication for 30 minutes, flash frozen and freeze-dried had higher tensile modulus and strength compared with the other treatments.

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2018/fpl_2018_stark001.pdf

Effect of freeze-drying on the morphology of dried cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and tensile properties of poly(lactic) acid-CNC composites

Reported herein is the impact of glycidol-free chain extenders on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to enhance its mechanical properties. Gel permeation chromatography characterization confirmed the molecular weight (Mw) of the chain extenders as well as the chain-extended PLA samples. Tensile properties, such as elongation, modulus, and impact strength, were evaluated for the chain-extended PLA and compared with those of a commercial chain extender. Thermal characteristics of the chain-extended PLA were measured by using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The complex viscosity and storage modulus for chain-extended PLA were also determined. Cost analysis and CO2 emission estimates are conducted for the new chain extenders and are compared with commercial chain extenders. Overall, chain extenders are likely to offer economic, health, and environmental benefits. 

Glycidol-Free Aliphatic Copolymers as Chain Extenders for Polylactic Acid and Their Cost and Carbon Emission Assessments

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