The flipped classroom: A meta-analysis of effects on student performance across disciplines and education levels

Toward a set of design principles for mathematics flipped classrooms: A synthesis of research in mathematics education

The flipped classroom approach is a type of technology-enhanced pedagogy that has grown popular in education settings. An increasing number of empirical studies have evaluated this approach, but there is still no adequate theoretical framework for guiding the design and implementation of flipped classrooms. Furthermore, few such studies have been conducted in secondary school contexts, and the effects of flipped classrooms have not been adequately compared with those of non-flipped classrooms. This study aims to address these research gaps by applying the meta design theory “First Principles of Instruction” to design our flipped classroom approach. A two-stage study was conducted in two secondary schools, involving a total of 382 students and five teacher participants from four subject areas, namely mathematics, physics, Chinese language, and information and communication technology (ICT). Based on the experience of the pilot study (Study 1), we refined our flipped classroom model and examined its efficacy through a quasi-experimental design in the main study (Study 2). Although the students in the flipped ICT course had learning outcomes similar to those of students in the non-flipped ICT course, the levels of student achievement in the other three courses (i.e., mathematics, physics, and Chinese language) were improved after flipping, with a small to medium-sized effects. The design, benefits, and challenges of the model are discussed. We conclude by making several recommendations for practice, and suggesting ideas for further research.

Applying “First Principles of Instruction” as a design theory of the flipped classroom: Findings from a collective study of four secondary school subjects

The flipped classroom approach is becoming increasingly popular. This instructional approach allows more in-class time to be spent on interactive learning activities, as the direct lecturing component is shifted outside the classroom through instructional videos. However, despite growing interest in the flipped classroom approach, no robust frameworks have been developed for the design or school/faculty-wide implementation of flipped classrooms. The aim of this article is to provide a foundation for the flipped classroom approach in Spector’s (Foundations of educational technology: integrative approaches and interdisciplinary perspectives, Routledge, New York, 2016) model of six pillars of educational technology. After reviewing previous discussion of the flipped classroom approach, each pillar (i.e., communication, interaction, environment, culture, instruction, and learning) is discussed in the context of flipped learning. Using Spector’s (2016) framework and drawing on relevant theories and empirical findings, 10 recommendations are made. These recommendations are particularly useful for the school/faculty-wide implementation of flipped classrooms. As the foundational framework proposed in this article is only preliminary, further studies (e.g., design-based research) are recommended to increase the robustness of the design framework and ultimately improve educational practices.

Grounding the flipped classroom approach in the foundations of educational technology

The present study reviewed the papers in the Scopus database relevant to flipped classrooms in all mathematics subject areas published up until 2018 from various dimensions. It was found th...

Research focuses and findings of flipping mathematics classes: a review of journal publications based on the technology-enhanced learning model

At Binghamton, Calculus 1 is taught to over 1000 students each fall in sections of about 30–40 students, with graduate student instructors teaching most sections. Despite having small classrooms instead of lecture halls, the satisfaction and performance of students has historically been poor. We had hoped to improve student success by changing how we teach and not by lowering our standards. In the fall of 2013, the Binghamton University Department of Mathematical Sciences undertook an experiment in flipped teaching with calculus 1 in which we compared a flipped model to our traditional lecture model. Overall, our quantitative analysis found moderate benefits to flipping over traditional methods for all groups studied. Informally, while student opinion varied, instructors largely were quite positive, finding that their students were more engaged and that instructors were able to give students more individualized attention.

An Experiment in “Flipped” Teaching in Freshman Calculus

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An Experiment in “Flipped” Teaching in Freshman Calculus