Microorganisms encounter acid stress during multiple bioprocesses. Microbial species have therefore developed a variety of resistance mechanisms. The damage caused by acidic environments is mitigated through the maintenance of pH homeostasis, cell membrane integrity and fluidity, metabolic regulation, and macromolecule repair. The acid tolerance mechanisms can be used to protect probiotics against gastric acids during the process of food intake, and can enhance the biosynthesis of organic acids. The combination of systems and synthetic biology technologies offers new and wide prospects for the industrial applications of microbial acid tolerance mechanisms. In this review, we summarize acid stress response mechanisms of microbial cells, illustrate the application of microbial acid tolerance in industry, and prospect the introduction of systems and synthetic biology to further explore the acid tolerance mechanisms and construct a microbial cell factory for valuable chemicals.

/pdf/microbial-response-to-acid-stress-mechanisms-and-3tyjlycp2c.pdf

Microbial response to acid stress: mechanisms and applications.

The challenge of studying human cognitive evolution is identifying unique features of our intelligence while explaining the processes by which they arose. Comparisons with nonhuman apes point to our early-emerging cooperative-communicative abilities as crucial to the evolution of all forms of human cultural cognition, including language. The human self-domestication hypothesis proposes that these early-emerging social skills evolved when natural selection favored increased in-group prosociality over aggression in late human evolution. As a by-product of this selection, humans are predicted to show traits of the domestication syndrome observed in other domestic animals. In reviewing comparative, developmental, neurobiological, and paleoanthropological research, compelling evidence emerges for the predicted relationship between unique human mentalizing abilities, tolerance, and the domestication syndrome in humans. This synthesis includes a review of the first a priori test of the self-domestication hypothesis as well as predictions for future tests.

Survival of the Friendliest: Homo sapiens Evolved via Selection for Prosociality

Are psychometric tests valid for a new reality of artificial intelligence systems, technology-enhanced humans, and hybrids yet to come? Are the Turing Test, the ubiquitous CAPTCHAs, and the various animal cognition tests the best alternatives? In this fascinating and provocative book, Jose Hernandez-Orallo formulates major scientific questions, integrates the most significant research developments, and offers a vision of the universal evaluation of cognition. By replacing the dominant anthropocentric stance with a universal perspective where living organisms are considered as a special case, long-standing questions in the evaluation of behavior can be addressed in a wider landscape. Can we derive task difficulty intrinsically? Is a universal g factor - a common general component for all abilities - theoretically possible? Using algorithmic information theory as a foundation, the book elaborates on the evaluation of perceptual, developmental, social, verbal and collective features and critically analyzes what the future of intelligence might look like.

The Measure of All Minds: Evaluating Natural and Artificial Intelligence

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors based on sol–gel processed porous and nanoparticulate CuO films were explored for H2S detection operated at room temperature. The SAW sensor showed a negative frequency shift when exposed to H2S gas, due to the mass loading effect on the sensitive CuO film. It has a high sensitivity of H2S, a detection limit of 500 ppb and a good selectivity to H2S gas compared with H2, C2H5OH, acetone, NH3, CO, NO, NO2 gases. Relative humidity (RH) was identified to have a critical influence on the sensing performance of the sensor. The responses became much faster and stronger with the increase of RH. The significant enhancement in the sensing performance is attributed to that the chemical reaction between H2S and CuO is hindered and the physical adsorption of CuO to H2S is enhanced.

/pdf/high-humidity-enhanced-surface-acoustic-wave-saw-h2s-sensors-2nmciypwh7.pdf

High humidity enhanced surface acoustic wave (SAW) H2S sensors based on sol–gel CuO films

Human circadian rhythmicity is driven by a circadian clock comprised of two distinct components: the central clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) within the hypothalamus, and the peripheral clocks, located in almost all tissues and organ systems in the body Entrainment, or alignment, of circadian rhythmicity is dependent upon time of day and can occur through environmental influences such as light cues and physical activity exerted on skeletal muscle Entrainment of the circadian clock through exercise has been reported to improve health by reducing risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), but further research is still needed The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects exercise has on the regulation of circadian rhythmicity, specifically with respect to CVD risk factors – including hormonal levels, sleep/wake cycles, blood pressure, and heart rate Additionally, the impact of exercise-induced circadian entrainment is discussed relative to hormone regulation, nocturnal blood pressure dipping, post-exercise hypotension, and overall cardiovascular health

/pdf/circadian-rhythms-exercise-and-cardiovascular-health-4g4zqd0pfw.pdf

Circadian Rhythms, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health.

Family dogs and dog owners offer a potentially powerful way to conduct citizen science to answer questions about animal behavior that are difficult to answer with more conventional approaches. Here we evaluate the quality of the first data on dog cognition collected by citizen scientists using the Dognition.com website. We conducted analyses to understand if data generated by over 500 citizen scientists replicates internally and in comparison to previously published findings. Half of participants participated for free while the other half paid for access. The website provided each participant a temperament questionnaire and instructions on how to conduct a series of ten cognitive tests. Participation required internet access, a dog and some common household items. Participants could record their responses on any PC, tablet or smartphone from anywhere in the world and data were retained on servers. Results from citizen scientists and their dogs replicated a number of previously described phenomena from conventional lab-based research. There was little evidence that citizen scientists manipulated their results. To illustrate the potential uses of relatively large samples of citizen science data, we then used factor analysis to examine individual differences across the cognitive tasks. The data were best explained by multiple factors in support of the hypothesis that nonhumans, including dogs, can evolve multiple cognitive domains that vary independently. This analysis suggests that in the future, citizen scientists will generate useful datasets that test hypotheses and answer questions as a complement to conventional laboratory techniques used to study dog psychology.

/pdf/citizen-science-as-a-new-tool-in-dog-cognition-research-4j9bx75lhs.pdf

Citizen Science as a New Tool in Dog Cognition Research.

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Citizen Science as a New Tool in Dog Cognition Research.