Ketosis is the most common metabolic disease in high-performance dairy cows during the first 6-8 weeks of lactation. Its main symptoms include an excessive amount of so-called ketone bodies in a cow’s body fluids. Ketone bodies consist of β-hydroxybutyric acid (βHBA), acetoacetic acid, and acetone. βHBA is the main component with its share of the total volume of ketone bodies in the blood of about 70%. Clinical symptoms of ketosis in cows include loss of appetite, preference for forage to concentrated feed, and acetone odor in their mouth and urine. Those symptoms are accompanied by a production drop, an increase of concurrent illness (mastitis, metritis, and displaced abomasum), and poor reproductive performance. One of the ketosis characteristic effects is an increase in the level of fat in milk (>5%), while protein levels decrease (<2.9%). In the case of subclinical ketosis (SCK), the fat–protein ratio in milk is increased to above 1.4:1. The current consensus for SCK is to consider a cutoff point of βHBA to be at least 1.2 mmol/L in blood plasma. Ketosis prevention is based on keeping perinatal cows in good condition, that is, with around 3.5 points in the five-point body condition scoring, carefully balancing food doses during the first 2 months of lactation with the correct energy–protein ratio. Glucose precursor products should be administered orally, in particular to at-risk herds. Ketosis occurs in 7-14% on average of the total number of cows in a herd. In general, data on the prevalence of SCK vary considerably, depending on their source. Moreover, the problem is mostly observed in poorly-fed animals with high milk production potential. The objectives of this review are to reveal the current situation of ketosis prevalence, the possibility of diagnosis, consequences in dairy cows and to provide some recommendations for ketosis treatment and prevention.

/pdf/ketone-bodies-causes-and-effects-of-their-increased-presence-2w7gfhsahv.pdf

Ketone bodies - causes and effects of their increased presence in cows' body fluids: A review.

. The possible genetic impact of sire on cattle populations, herd milk yield and milk traits (fat and protein) have been described in the literature along with its impact on some milk indicators (MIs) as somatic cell count, urea and ketones. There is a dearth of information on the impact on a series of other MIs (physical, chemical, health, technological). The goal of this study was to assess the possible effect of sire on a wide range of MIs including technological properties in Czech Fleckvieh to suggest future possible breeding trends. A series of MIs (n=37) was investigated in individual milk samples (MSs). 191 effective daughters (MSs) were included. The sire groups (n=13) were well balanced in terms of herd, lactation stage and sampling season. Only sires with >5 daughters were ranked. A linear model of analysis variance with the fixed effects, sire and combined factor (herd × year × season) was used. 19 MIs as log count of streptococci in fermentation ability of milk (log FAM–CS), FAM–CS, log total fine microflora count in FAM (log FAM–TCM), FAM–TCM, solids non fat (SNF), iodine content, citric acid (CA), titration acidity in FAM, lactose (L), crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), casein (CAS), dry matter, Mg and P content, milk alcohol stability, electrical conductivity (EC), titration acidity, casein numbers (for CP and TP), log count of lactobacilli in FAM (log FAM–CL), FAM–CL and pH in FAM were influenced by sire (P

/pdf/effect-of-sires-on-wide-scale-of-milk-indicators-in-first-25tppwvmsb.pdf

Effect of sires on wide scale of milk indicators in first calving Czech Fleckvieh cows

Milk yield (MY) is the amount of milk and its quality during lactation. MY is an important economic and health factor closely connected with the health status of dairy cows, their reproduction, performance, longevity and milk composition and properties. The differences within milk indicators between high yielding herds with an average MY (H1 a H2) were tested in four herds. The files with 224 and 234 individual milk samples were collected in the summer and winter for three years. The files were balanced in factors of lactation. Group 1 had higher genetical value and had even better nutrition according to the MY. The MY was higher by 43% (P ≤ 0.001). The studied high MY factor had statistically significant influence (P ≤ 0.05 and P ≤ 0.001; Table 1; Fig. 1) on the following milk parameters: fat (FAT), lactose (LAC), solids non fat (SNF), alcohol stability (AL), rennet curds firmnes (RCF), crude protein (CP), casein (CAS), true protein (TP), fat/true protein ratio (F/CP). Selected differences were: FAT (H1 3.68 ± 0.77; H2 3.99 ± 0.93%); CAS (H1 2.50 ± 0.27; H2 2.59 ± 0.29%); TP (H1 2.99 ± 0.30; H2 3.09 ± 0.33%). Other 16 milk parameters (e.g. SCC (H1 289 > 210 103.ml –1 H2), urine, ratio of urea nitrogen in the non protein nitrogen, acetone, pH and rennet curds firmness) were influenced insignificantly (P > 0.05). The differences in milk indicators between group H1 and H2 did not indicate problems of the health status. The high MY reached by the genetic improvement of animals does not result in impaired quality of raw milk. Surprisingly, MY and urine content in milk did not correlate positively in Holstein dairy cows. milk yield; milk indicators; Holstein cattle; milk composition; milk properties; physiology of lactation

Impacts of lactation physiology at higher and average yield on composition, properties and health indicators of milk in holstein breed *

This article presents the results of the level of feeding and the health status of dairy cows in a commercial dairy farm on the content of the main components in milk (fat, protein, urea). The aim of the research was to study the milk productivity and composition of milk of cows, to analyze the level of feeding and the content of basic nutrients in the diet of the farm. The farm breeds purebred Holstein cattle with a high genetic potential for productivity. The milking herd was formed in 2009 on the basis of 600 heads of Holstein-Friesian heifers imported from Hungary, as well as 65 heads of Holsteinized heifers of Ukrainian selection from Ukraine in 2015. Today the livestock numbers about 1,500 head of cattle, of which there are about 900 breeders. On the territory of the farm there are: 3 cowsheds for keeping cows, an insemination room, a milking parlor with a parallel installation of the Delaval company, in which 48 cows are milked for one milking, the ABK, where the manager's office, livestock technician, accounting is located, and a mini-hotel with dining room and lounges. Dairy bases are equipped with auto-drinkers, ventilation, plumbing, electric lighting, manure removal mechanisms, and a milking installation. The object of the research was Holstein cows in the amount of 483 heads of Aina Dairy Farm LLP. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted zootechnical methods using modern equipment for conducting analyzes and interstate and state standards. The research results showed that the milk productivity of cows averaged 19.5 kg per day, the fat content 4.3%, the protein 3.9%, the number of somatic cells 230.5 thousand units / ml, urea 45.3 mg / 100 ml respectively. Analyzing the level of urea in milk can suggest a high crude protein content in the diet. The ration of feeding dairy cows on the farm is concentrate-silage-haylage and there is an excess of dry matter by 16.2%, crude protein by 9.8%, starch by 29.4%, respectively.

Indicators of full value feeding rations for dairy cows.

Koncentrace kyseliny citronove (KC) v mlece může být dobrým ukazatelem energetickeho metabolismu dojnic a použitelnosti mleka v sýrařstvi. Aktualni znalost teto hodnoty může posloužit v poradenskem servisu ke zlepseni výživy dojnic. Proto mlecne laboratoře zavaději urceni KC. Metodou může být infraanalýza (MIR-FT). Důležitým předpokladem je jeji relevantni kalibrace. Cilem bylo vyvinout relevantni metodu připravy referencni sady vzorků pro kalibraci MIR-FT k urceni KC vcetně pokusne kalibrace. Jako referencni pro KC a kalibraci MIR-FT byla použita fotometricka metoda (c; 428 nm). Mleko bylo koagulovano, filtrat reagoval s pyridinem v acetanhydridu na žlutý komplex. Spekol 11 byl kalibrovan prostřednictvim sedmibodove skaly od 1,5 do 20,0 mmol . l-1. Jako nepřima byla použita metoda MIR-FT, Lactoscope FTIR a MilkoScan FT 6000. Byl ověřen vztah mezi c a MIR-FT s prvotni kalibraci (bez lokalni kalibrace). U 171 individualnich vzorků mleka byl korelacni koeficient 0,566 (P 0,05) výsledků měřiciho systemu prokazala nezavislost po sobě jdoucich měřeni. Vliv chemicke konzervace vzorků mleka bronopolem (komercni Broad Spectrum Microtabs, DaF Control Systems, England) byl významný (P 0,05) a cinil 0,2323 a 0,0339 mmol . l-1 oproti nekonzervovaným vzorkům. Korelace mezi nekonzervovanými a konzervovanými vzorky cinily 0,955 a 0,947 (P 0,05)) doložily možnost použiti systemu centralni kalibrace metody MIR-FT na měřeni KC. Celkově lze výsledky kalibraci hodnotit jako uspěsne a výsledky měřeni pak jako vhodne pro praktický screening KC v mlece.

Result interpretation of experimental calibration for milk citric acid determination via infra-red spectroscopy (MIR-FT).

The milk composition of high-yielding dairy cows is highly related to their
nutrition. The energy deficiency in dairy cows can cause
subclinical or clinical ketosis. In ketotic state the concentration of
ketone bodies (acetone, AC; acetoacetic acid, ACAC; and β -hydroxybutyric acid, BOHB) increases in the different body fluids and
simultaneously, changes in concentration of other compounds are also expected.
The authors´
hypothesis is that the members of the TCA-cycle, such as citric acid (CA)
also change in association of increased formation of ketone body. To
support this hypothesis the concentrations of ketone body components and CA
were parallel measured and their relationship was studied in raw milk
samples.
Based on the AC concentration of the milk samples two groups were formed
retrospectively: High Acetone (HA) Group ( n=41 ) of AC concentration >0.4 mM
and Low Acetone (LA) Group ( n=78 ) with the AC level ≤ 0.4 mM.
In all samples very low ACAC level was found, which is a consequence of the
spontaneous decarboxylation of ACAC to AC during the usual sample storage.
Focusing on the results of HA Group the authors found significant
relationship between CA and ketone bodies and a parallel drop of AC and CA
during the metabolically crucial first 1-4 weeks of lactation. For this
reason they suggest to introduce simple, easy, automated methods to
determine AC and/or CA concentration in raw milk.

Concentrations of citrate and ketone bodies in cow´s raw milk

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Concentrations of citrate and ketone bodies in cow´s raw milk