The endoplasmic reticulum: a multifunctional signaling organelle

▪ Abstract In the gastrointestinal tract, phasic contractions are caused by electrical activity termed slow waves. Slow waves are generated and actively propagated by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The initiation of pacemaker activity in the ICC is caused by release of Ca2+ from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor–operated stores, uptake of Ca2+ into mitochondria, and the development of unitary currents. Summation of unitary currents causes depolarization and activation of a dihydropyridine-resistant Ca2+ conductance that entrains pacemaker activity in a network of ICC, resulting in the active propagation of slow waves. Slow wave frequency is regulated by a variety of physiological agonists and conditions, and shifts in pacemaker dominance can occur in response to both neural and nonneural inputs. Loss of ICC in many human motility disorders suggests exciting new hypotheses for the etiology of these disorders.

Interstitial cells of cajal as pacemakers in the gastrointestinal tract.

We study the problem of controlling a general complex network toward an assigned synchronous evolution by means of a pinning control strategy We define the pinning controllability of the network in terms of the spectral properties of an extended network topology The roles of the control and coupling gains, as well as of the number of pinned nodes, are also discussed

/pdf/controllability-of-complex-networks-via-pinning-2tmspsmzw7.pdf

Controllability of complex networks via pinning.

Gastrointestinal motility results from coordinated contractions of the tunica muscularis, the muscular layers of the alimentary canal. Throughout most of the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscles are organized into two layers of circularly or longitudinally oriented muscle bundles. Smooth muscle cells form electrical and mechanical junctions between cells that facilitate coordination of contractions. Excitation-contraction coupling occurs by Ca(2+) entry via ion channels in the plasma membrane, leading to a rise in intracellular Ca(2+). Ca(2+) binding to calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase; subsequent phosphorylation of myosin initiates cross-bridge cycling. Myosin phosphatase dephosphorylates myosin to relax muscles, and a process known as Ca(2+) sensitization regulates the activity of the phosphatase. Gastrointestinal smooth muscles are 'autonomous' and generate spontaneous electrical activity (slow waves) that does not depend upon input from nerves. Intrinsic pacemaker activity comes from interstitial cells of Cajal, which are electrically coupled to smooth muscle cells. Patterns of contractile activity in gastrointestinal muscles are determined by inputs from enteric motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells. Here we provide an overview of the cells and mechanisms that generate smooth muscle contractile behaviour and gastrointestinal motility.

Regulation of gastrointestinal motility—insights from smooth muscle biology

This review presents an overview about pharmaceutical and cosmetic topical products containing polymeric nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanocapsules), reporting the main preparation and characterization methods and the studies of penetration and transport of substances through the skin. The penetration and transport extent of those systems through the skin depends on the ingredients chemical composition, on the encapsulation mechanism influencing the drug release, on the size of nanoparticles and on the viscosity of the formulations. The polymeric nanoparticles are able to modify the activity of drugs, delay and control the drug release, and increase the drug adhesivity or its time of permanence in the skin. Briefly, the nanoparticles can be useful as reservoirs of lipophilic drugs to deliver them in the stratum corneum becoming an important strategy to control their permeation into the skin.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/117739280700200002

Polymeric Nanoparticles, Nanospheres and Nanocapsules, for Cutaneous Applications

Networks of interstitial cells of Cajal embedded in the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract are involved in the generation of electrical pacemaker activity for gastrointestinal motility1,2. This pacemaker activity manifests itself as rhythmic slow waves in membrane potential, and controls the frequency and propagation characteristics of gut contractile activity3–6. Mice that lack a functional Kit receptor fail to develop the network of interstitial cells of Cajal associated with Auerbach's plexus in the mouse small intestine7,8 and do not generate slow wave activity9,10. These cells could provide an essential component of slow wave activity (for example, a biochemical trigger that would be transferred to smooth muscle cells), or provide an actual pacemaker current that could initiate slow waves. Here we provide direct evidence that a single cell, identified as an interstitial cell of Cajal by light microscopy, electron microscopy and expression of Kit mRNA, generates spontaneous contractions and a rhythmic inward current that is insensitive to L-type calcium channel blockers. Identification of the pacemaker of gut motility will aid in the elucidation of the pathophysiology of intestinal motor disorders, and provide a target cell for pharmacological treatment.

Interstitial cells of Cajal generate a rhythmic pacemaker current

This invention relates to an apparatus for, and method of, making electrical measurements on objects, in particular cells, liposomes or similar small objects, in a medium. More particularly the invention relates to an apparatus for, and method of, making electrophysiological measurements on cells, liposomes or similar small objects, in a medium.

Apparatus for and method of making electrical measurements on objects

The present invention relates to a method, a chip, a device and a system for extraction of biological material form biological cells. The invention involves exposing the biological particles to an alternating electric field in a sample chamber and may also involve subsequent analysis of the biological material after the extraction.

Method, Chip, Device and System for Extraction of Biological Materials

The present invention relates to a method, a chip, a device, and a system for detection of biological particles. The method of the invention typically comprises collecting the biological particles from a gaseous sample, contacting the biological particles with a first liquid reagent, extracting biological material from the collected biological particles, and analysing the biological material for the presence of a target nucleic acid sequence.

Method, chip, device and integrated system for detection biological particles

The present invention relates to a method, a chip, a device, and a system for collection of biological particles. The method makes use of electrostatic attraction of biological particles to charged electrodes and preferably operates with gaseous samples. The method, chip, device, and system are e.g. useful for collecting pathogenic particles, such as bacterial spores and vira, from air samples and allow for subsequent analysis of the collected biological particles.

Method, chip, device and system for collection of biological particles

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