The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been rapidly transmitted globally since December 2019. As COVID-19 was caused by a novel coronavirus, people only counted on their innate immune system in the early COVID-19 pandemic. However, given that the defense against viral infection depends upon a competent adaptive response, understanding adaptive immunity in SARS-CoV-2 immune responses is critical. This review paper discussed the effect of physical activity on COVID-19 and plausible underlying mechanisms. Therefore, promoting regular physical activity has the potential to mitigate the impact of the pandemic at a personal and societal level. Also, it is important for policymakers to make public health policies concentrating on measures for encouraging physical activities to enhance an individual’s immune system during the pandemic. 

/pdf/effect-of-physical-activity-on-covid-19-and-underlying-2m1xylkm.pdf

Effect of physical activity on COVID-19 and underlying
 mechanisms

Regular exercise such as soccer players will gradually adapt and compensate the body so that physical activity in the form of running for 30 minutes does not cause an inflammatory response and does not increase inflammatory biomarkers. An inflammatory biomarker that is easy to measure when compared to other inflammatory markers is C-Reactive Protein (CRP). The objective of this study was to explain the differences in CRP and blood glucose levels in adolescents after 30 minutes of running which was an exercise immunology study. The study used a quasi-experimental model pre and posttest with a purposive sampling method on each of 30 soccertrained youth and not, according to the inclusion criteria. The results showed significant differences between the trained and untrained groups in the levels of CRP and blood glucose after running 30 minutes. In the trained group, blood glucose levels differed significantly before and after 30 minutes of running (P 0.05) based on a paired t-test. Before and after 20 minutes of running, the untrained group had significantly lower blood glucose levels as measured by the Wilcoxon test (P < 0.05). The conclusion is that there are differences in CRP and blood glucose levels in trained adolescents and not after 30 minutes of running.

CRP as a mediator for the innate immunity system and blood glucose levels in football trained adolescents

Concurrent training (CT) is emerging as a practical and effective approach to enhance body composition, cardiovascular function, and muscle mass, thereby elevating overall individual health. This study aims to systematically investigate the effects of short- and long-term concurrent aerobic and resistance training on circulating irisin levels in overweight or obese individuals. 

Short- and long-term effects of concurrent aerobic and resistance training on circulating irisin levels in overweight or obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract Purpose To examine the acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises order on immunological stress responses, muscular-fitness, and rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) in highly trained youth male judo athletes. Methods Twenty male participants randomly performed two concurrent training (CT) sessions; power-endurance and endurance-power. Measures of immune response (e.g., white blood cells), muscular-fitness (i.e., counter-movement-jump [CMJ]), RPE, blood-lactate, and -glucose were taken at different time-point (i.e., pre, mid, post, and post6h). Results There were significant time*order interactions for white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index. Power-endurance resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in white blood cells and lymphocytes while endurance-power resulted in significantly larger pre-to-post increases in the granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio and systemic-inflammation-index. Likewise, significantly larger pre-to-post6h white blood cells and granulocytes increases were observed following power-endurance compared to endurance-power. Moreover, there was a significant time*order interaction for blood-glucose and -lactate. Following endurance-power, blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-mid but not from pre-to-post. Meanwhile, in power-endurance blood-lactate and -glucose increased from pre-to-post but not from pre-to-mid. A significant time*order interaction was observed for CMJ-force with larger pre-to-post decreases in endurance-power compared to power-endurance. Further, CMJ-power showed larger pre-to-mid performance decreases following power-endurance, compared to endurance-power. Regarding RPE, significant time*order interactions were noted with larger pre-to-mid values following endurance-power and larger pre-to-post values following power-endurance. Conclusion CT induced acute and delayed order-dependent immune cell count alterations in highly trained youth male judo athletes. In general, power-endurance induced higher acute and delayed immunological stress responses compared to endurance-power. CMJ-force and RPE fluctuated during both CT sessions but went back to baseline 6 h post-exercise. 

/pdf/acute-effects-of-concurrent-muscle-power-and-sport-specific-2qna4vw4.pdf

Acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises on markers of immunological stress response and measures of muscular fitness in highly trained youth male athletes

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Acute effects of concurrent muscle power and sport-specific endurance exercises on markers of immunological stress response and measures of muscular fitness in highly trained youth male athletes