Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

With the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyberphysical system (CPS) concepts in industrial application scenarios, industrial automation is undergoing a tremendous change. This is made possible in part by recent advances in technology that allow interconnection on a wider and more fine-grained scale. The purpose of this article is to review technological trends and the impact they may have on industrial communication. We will review the impact of IoT and CPSs on industrial automation from an industry 4.0 perspective, give a survey of the current state of work on Ethernet time-sensitive networking (TSN), and shed light on the role of fifth-generation (5G) telecom networks in automation. Moreover, we will point out the need for harmonization beyond networking.

The Future of Industrial Communication: Automation Networks in the Era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0

Human–robot interaction in agriculture: A survey and current challenges

Internet of Things (IoT) is based on a wireless network that connects a huge number of smart objects, products, smart devices, and people It has another name which is Web of Things (WoT) IoT uses standards and protocols that are proposed by different standardization organizations in message passing within session layer Most of the IoT applications protocols use TCP or UDP for transport XMPP, CoAP, DDS, MQTT, and AMQP are grouped of the widely used application protocols Each one of these protocols have specific functions and are used in specific way to handle some issues This paper provides an overview for one of the most popular application layer protocols that is MQTT, including its architecture, message format, MQTT scope, and Quality of Service (QoS) for the MQTT levels MQTT works mainly as a pipe for binary data and provides a flexibility in communication patterns It is designed to provide a publish-subscribe messaging protocol with most possible minimal bandwidth requirements MQTT uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for transport MQTT is an open standard, giving a mechanisms to asynchronous communication, have a range of implementations, and it is working on IP

Internet of Things: Survey and open issues of MQTT protocol

Surveys the history of the Department of Energy, describing its structure, current functions, and influence on United States society.

The Department of Energy

Rapidly changing customer demands lead to a paradigm shift from mass production to mass customization within the manufacturing industry. However, todays production systems are of a very static nature. Changing the manufacturing process requires a high amount of expensive human resources and is quite error prone. Hence, reconfigurability will become a key factor in the manufacturing industry and industrial automation systems must provide suitable solutions to support this new paradigm. Service-oriented architectures (SOAs) are a potential technology which can provide the requested capability of automatic reconfiguration. Originating from the IT world, the adaptation of SOAs to industrial automation systems has to face several difficulties — especially real-time requirements must be met. This paper proposes an innovative solution approach for the integration of a SOA into real-time systems for industrial automation.

A field level architecture for reconfigurable real-time automation systems

Future market conditions require production systems which can be easily adapted to changing demands. However, the engineering process of industrial automation systems is characterized by high manual configuration efforts. Thus, the reconfiguration of such system leads to time-intensive and expensive downtimes. Therefore, this paper will present a concept on reducing the engineering effort — at least on the lower layers of the automation pyramid. Due to the real-time requirements on these layers, specific communication technologies must be used there — for example Real-Time Ethernets (RTEs) which are increasingly applied in industrial automation. However, their real-time capability is contrasted by an additional configuration effort in comparison to standard networks from the information technology domain. This paper will show an approach for the automatic configuration of RTEs and will check its applicability on the most widely-used RTE variants.

An analysis of real-time ethernets with regard to their automatic configuration

Assisting the Design of Sensor and Information Fusion Systems

In the industrial automation a paradigm shift from centralized, static automation structures to reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) might be lie ahead. RMS are seen as a key enabler for the required changeability of future production companies since they can reduce the engineering effort needed for the reconfiguration of existing or the construction of new production systems. However, it is not clear how the companies can benefit from RMS in detail. For example, the reduction of engineering effort cannot be expressed in figures by today. But such information is necessary to convince the industry of the advantages of the new production principle. Indeed, existing RMS paradigms like Service-Oriented Architectures are rarely used in the practice of automation. The basis for analyzing the advantages of RMS is an analysis of the status quo in the industrial automation. Regarding the engineering effort of current automation systems, this paper will present a case study considering the effort occurring during the commissioning process of a production system constructed by state-of-the-art components. The evaluation of the study can serve as a reference when comparing the engineering effort of RMS with today's systems.

Analyzing the engineering effort for the commissioning of industrial automation systems

The ability to remotely discover and configure devices in an automation network without the need for prior knowledge of the network topology or the identities of hosts and servers is a key requirement for industrial networks and cyber-physical systems. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) as a UDP-based standardized network protocol became very successful in computer networking and also to some extent in industrial networking, but it conceptually allows only device-initiated parameter assignment. This has led to the development of several other device configuration protocols that allow host-initiated device discovery and configuration. In this work, a survey on existing protocols is performed. Based on the results, a future solution is proposed as an extension of the OPC UA protocol suite. The proposal is able to meet the industrial needs for both device- and host-initiated operation with minimal invasive implementation.

OPC UA extension for IP auto-configuration in cyber-physical systems

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