Color information from different color-measuring systems varies during color matching in maxillofacial prosthetics We studied the hypothesis that a non-contact measuring system and 4 contact color-measuring instruments perform comparably in accuracy and precision on measurements of pigmented maxillofacial elastomer specimens having human skin colors Measurement comparisons in accuracy on opaque standard color patches were made in Phase I In Phase II, the system with the best accuracy was used as the reference instrument, and comparisons in accuracy and precision on elastomer specimens were made The CIEDE2000 color difference formula was used Repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey testing and linear regression analysis for CIELAB and color differences among the instruments were performed The contact measuring systems perform differently in accuracy, possibly due to edge loss and other factors, but performed comparably in precision with the non-contact measuring instrument This non-contact system is recommended for color measurement of maxillofacial prosthetic materials

Measuring the Color of Maxillofacial Prosthetic Material

Millions of people worldwide experience disfigurement due to cancers, congenital defects, or trauma, leading to significant psychological, social, and economic disadvantage. Prosthetics aim to reduce their suffering by restoring aesthetics and function using synthetic materials that mimic the characteristics of native tissue. In the 1900s, natural materials used for thousands of years in prosthetics were replaced by synthetic polymers bringing about significant improvements in fabrication and greater realism and utility. These traditional methods have now been disrupted by the advanced manufacturing revolution, radically changing the materials, methods, and nature of prosthetics. In this report, traditional synthetic polymers and advanced prosthetic materials and manufacturing techniques are discussed, including a focus on prosthetic material degradation. New manufacturing approaches and future technological developments are also discussed in the context of specific tissues requiring aesthetic restoration, such as ear, nose, face, eye, breast, and hand. As advanced manufacturing moves from research into clinical practice, prosthetics can begin new age to significantly improve the quality of life for those suffering tissue loss or disfigurement.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adma.202001122

Past, Present, and Future of Soft-Tissue Prosthetics: Advanced Polymers and Advanced Manufacturing.

Purpose of review Technology has the potential to transform the fabrication process of facial prosthetics. The purpose of this review is to highlight the pertinent technological advances in computerized shade selection, three-dimensional digital photography, virtual surgical planning, surface scanning, and three-dimensional imaging to obtain the wax pattern. Recent findings There have been a few reported studies documenting the effect of computerized color formulations for facial prosthesis. The technology is still in its infancy and may serve as a tool to manage metamerism and to complement the subjective clinical assessment of the clinician. Three-dimensional photography, surface scanning, and three-dimensional imaging have been used successfully in the fabrication of facial prostheses. Software programs which allow the clinician to plan virtually implant placement allows the treatment planning process to be much more prosthetically driven. Even with the technological advances, it is perhaps most important to remember the basics of proper preparation of the defect to accept the prosthesis. Summary The incorporation of technology into the fabrication process of facial prostheses can potentially transform the treatment process from a time-consuming artistically driven process to being a reconstructive biotechnology process.

The role of technology in facial prosthetics.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of spectrophotometry and a computerized color formulation system to predict pigment formulas for color mixing silicone elastomer to match the skin color of African-Canadian people.

Materials and Methods: In a prospective study, reflectance spectrophotometery was used to measure the skin color of 19 African-Canadian subjects. The spectral data for each subject was used in a computerized color formulation system to predict colorants required to mix silicone elastomer to match each subject's skin color. Delta-E values were recorded for each silicone sample in comparison to the subject's skin measurement. An analysis of variance was used to determine significance among variables, and a Tukey HSD post hoc test was used to assess paired comparisons.

Results: Delta-E decreased with iterative mixes of colored silicone for each subject, and pigment loading increased with iterative mixes. Delta-E values for the third iterative mix (fourth and final sample) ranged between 1.49 and 8.82.

Conclusion: Spectrophotometry and computerized color formulation provide a foundation in the color matching procedure for facial prostheses that offers objectivity to an otherwise subjective task. Through further study of spectrophotometry and computerized color formulation, and with the development of pigment databases appropriate for the African-Canadian population, it may be possible to establish a precise and repeatable color matching system that predicts required colorants and controls metamerism.

Computerized color formulation for African-Canadian people requiring facial prostheses: a pilot study.

Color matching to the surrounding skin is extremely important in patients wearing maxillofacial prostheses. It is of utmost importance to know the different techniques of color matching and coloring in maxillofacial prostheses. The purpose of this study is to review the literature data with regard to color matching in maxillofacial prosthetics. An electronic search of peer review restricted to English language dental literature was conducted to identify the relevant scientific article on color matching and coloring in maxillofacial prostheses. The publication year was up to December 2015 so that the search could include all the articles provided in that particular database. Two independent observers independently read the abstracts and later preselected full-text articles. A full-text review was carried out only for 15 articles. Out of the 15 articles, 7 were related to coloring using tinting, spraying, milling, and use of commercial cosmetics. Three studies were related to shade matching in maxillofacial prostheses. Two studies conducted the measurement of color in maxillofacial prostheses. Only one study had explained color and its relevance in maxillofacial prosthetics. Only one study was done for reproducing silicone shade guide matching Indian skin color. In addition, a single pilot study was done to measure facial skin and lip color in a human population sample stratified by race, gender, and age. Currently, there is no evidence discussing the best technique available for perfectly matching the color for the fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses. However, the latest instruments such as spectrophotometer and colorimeters are believed to have improved efficiency in matching the color.

Color matching in facial prosthetics: A systematic review.

Purpose To determine if using CIE L*a*b* color measurements of white facial skin could be correlated to those of silicone shade samples that visually matched the skin. Secondly, to see if a correlation in color measurements could be achieved between the silicone shade samples and duplicated silicone samples made using a shade-guide color formula.

Materials and Methods A color booth was designed according to ASTM specifications, and painted using a Munsell Value 8 gray. A Minolta colorimeter was used to make facial skin measurements on 15 white adults. The skin color was duplicated using custom-shaded silicone samples. A 7-step wedge silicone shade guide was then fabricated, representing the commonly encountered thicknesses when fabricating facial prostheses. The silicone samples were then measured with the Minolta colorimeter. The readings were compared with the previous L*a*b* readings from the corresponding patient's skin measurements, and the relative color difference was then calculated. Silicone samples were fabricated and analyzed for three of the patients to determine if duplication of the visually matched silicone specimen was possible using the silicone color formula, and if the duplicates were visually and colorimetrically equivalent to each other. The color difference Delta E and chromaticity was calculated, and the data were analyzed using a coefficient-of-variation formula expressed by percent. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was performed to determine if a correlation existed between the skin and the silicone samples at the p .05 level.

Results The highest correlation was found in the b* dimension for silicone thicknesses of 1 to 4 mm. For silicone thicknesses of 6 to 10 mm, the highest correlation was found in the L* dimension. All three dimensions had positive correlations (R2 > 0), but only the 1-mm and 4-mm b* readings were very strong. Patient and silicone L*a*b* measurement results showed very little change in the a* axis, while the L* and b* measurements showed more change in their numbers, with changes in depth for all patient silicone samples. Delta E numbers indicated the lowest Delta E at the 1-mm depth and the highest Delta E at the 10-mm depth. All duplicated samples matched their original silicone samples to a degree that visual evaluation could not distinguish any color differences. Using volumetric measurements, a shade guide was developed for all 15 patients.

Conclusions There was good correlation between the patient's colorimeter measurements and the silicone samples, with the b* color dimension the most reproducible, followed by the L* and the a*. Silicone samples at 6, 8, and 10 mm matched the patient the best, and this study showed that silicone samples can be duplicated successfully if a good patient-silicone match is obtained. Rayon flocking fibers and liquid makeup are effective at matching facial prostheses and can be used to develop a simple shade guide for patient application.

Using a colorimeter to develop an intrinsic silicone shade guide for facial prostheses.

Prior to the invention of the metal ceramic crown, the pinledge retainer served prosthodontic dentistry for many years. The metal ceramic retainer has been the standard of choice for the majority of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) for nearly 40 years. Recent advances with acid-etched, resin-bonded metal retainers and most recently all-ceramic retainers may have led many to believe that the pinledge retainer is an outdated treatment modality. This clinical report provides examples of several types of pinledge retainers used to restore missing teeth or to splint teeth. These patient examples will also demonstrate that the pinledge retainer can provide excellent esthetics for today's appearance-conscious patients.

Using the pinledge as a conservative retainer: a clinical report.

This clinical report describes the design and fabrication of an implant-retained and soft-tissue-supported obturator prosthesis and a magnetic retained midfacial prosthesis for a patient with a midfacial defect following bilateral total maxillectomy, removal of the left zygoma, and excision of the entire upper lip. The patient underwent multiple head and neck surgeries for 4 separate primary oral cancers, 1 recurrence, and 1 pulmonary metastasis. The definitive obturator prosthesis was retained by 1 zygomatic implant with soft-tissue support and retention. The midfacial prosthesis was attached to the obturator prosthesis with magnets, improving appearance and the recovery of significant aspects of the patient's speech and swallowing. Some improvement in mastication was observed. 

Interdisciplinary prosthetic rehabilitation following bilateral maxillectomy with total upper lip and unilateral zygoma resection: A clinical report.

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Papers

Using a colorimeter to develop an intrinsic silicone shade guide for facial prostheses.

Using the pinledge as a conservative retainer: a clinical report.

Interdisciplinary prosthetic rehabilitation following bilateral maxillectomy with total upper lip and unilateral zygoma resection: A clinical report.

Struck a chord.