Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Shetland Ponies: A Description of a Three-Point Injection Technique and Evaluation of Potential Analgesic Effects.

Ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block: an anatomic study in dog cadavers

Transversus abdominis plane block in cat cadavers: anatomical description and comparison of injectate spread using two- and three-point approaches.

Ultrasound-guided modified subcostal transversus abdominis plane block and influence of recumbency position on dye spread in equine cadavers.

The aims of the study were to describe the ultrasonographic-guided lateral TAP block in rabbit cadavers and evaluate the spread of a lidocaine/methylene blue solution through a single fascial infiltration. The US-guided block and anatomical dissections were performed in 17 New Zealand rabbit cadavers. The probe was placed perpendicular to the column, one centimetre ventrally to the transverse processes, halfway between the iliac crest and the costal margin. External oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TA) muscles were visualised, and 1 mL/kg of lidocaine 2% plus methylene blue 1% was injected. After dissection, the branches of spinal nerves stained were measured. Moreover, the percentage of length and height of the area marked were calculated. A good visualisation of the TAP was obtained in all 34 hemiabdomens. T11 nerve eminence was successfully stained in 52% of cases. T12, L1, and L2 were stained in 75%, 95%, and 100% of cases, respectively. L3 and L4 were stained in 60% and 40% of cases, respectively. The lateral TAP block with a single point of injection can be easily performed in rabbits, but it is not sufficient to cover the nerve eminences of the cranial abdomen. The two-point TAP block (lateral and subcostal) could represent a better option, particularly when large surgical incisions are required.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/7/1953/pdf

Ultrasound-Guided Lateral Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block in Rabbits: A Cadaveric Study

Ultrasound-guided lateral and subcostal transversus abdominis plane block in calves: a cadaveric study

The "outdoor veal calf" system was developed to encounter the demand for a veal fattening system that allows for reducing antimicrobial use without impairing animal welfare. Management improvements including direct purchase, short transportation, vaccination, three-week quarantine in individual hutches, and open-air housing in small groups in a roofed, straw-bedded paddock with a group hutch were implemented in a prospective intervention study (1905 calves, 19 intervention and 19 control farms, over one year): antimicrobial use was five times lower in "outdoor veal" farms compared to control farms (p < 0.001), but it was crucial to ensure that antimicrobial treatment reduction was not associated with decreased animal welfare, i.e., that sick animals were not left untreated. Welfare was assessed monthly on the farms, and organs of 339 calves were examined after slaughter. Cough and nasal discharge were observed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) less often in intervention than in control farms, mortality (3.1% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.020) and lung lesion prevalence (26% vs. 46%, p < 0.001) were lower; no group difference was seen in abomasal lesion prevalence (65% vs. 72%). Thus, besides reduced antimicrobial use, calf health and welfare were improved in "outdoor veal calf" farms in comparison to traditional operations.

Welfare Assessment in Calves Fattened According to the "Outdoor Veal Calf" Concept and in Conventional Veal Fattening Operations in Switzerland.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect that feeding at more frequent intervals with automatic feeding systems (AFS) had on the feed intake, feed ingestion behaviour, ruminating activity, lying times and lying duration of dairy cows. The trials took place on the experimental farm at the Agroscope Research Station in Tanikon, Switzerland. Six different feeding frequencies used in conjunction with an automatic feeding system supplied by the Finnish Pellon Group were examined with a view to determining their influence on animal behaviour. The results showed that a high number of feed distributions had a significant influence on feed intake and no significant influence on either feeding and ruminating behaviour, or the lying behaviour of dairy cows.

/pdf/influence-of-different-feeding-frequencies-on-the-rumina-2g5c5j4gpm.pdf

Influence of Different Feeding Frequencies on the Rumina- tion and Lying Behaviour of Dairy Cows

This report describes a case of a bronchiolar adenocarcinoma in a 6-year old alpaca mare. For the first time in an alpaca, neoplasia was classified by histopathology as a lepidic-predominant bronchiolar adenocarcinoma. The mare was referred to the Clinic for Ruminants after a 6-week period of forced breathing and weight loss. The clinical examination included complete blood count, blood chemistry, ultrasound, radiographs and a CT-scan of the thorax. A bilateral pneumothorax and several, structures within the lung parenchyma were diagnosed. Differential diagnosis included neoplasia, tuberculosis and fungal granulomas. The owner requested euthanasia due to the mare’s ongoing deterioration. At postmortem examination, the granulomatous changes in the lungs were histopathologically classified as lepidic dominant bronchiolar adenocarcinoma. Neoplastic diseases are more often seen in South American camelids compared to other farm animal species. The use of a CT scan was helpful in classifying the lung lesions and give a clear prognosis.

/pdf/bronchioalveolar-carcinoma-in-an-adult-alpaca-vicugna-pacos-xvxfhifgmi.pdf

Bronchioalveolar carcinoma in an adult alpaca ( Vicugna pacos )

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Papers

Ultrasound-guided lateral and subcostal transversus abdominis plane block in calves: a cadaveric study

Welfare Assessment in Calves Fattened According to the "Outdoor Veal Calf" Concept and in Conventional Veal Fattening Operations in Switzerland.

Influence of Different Feeding Frequencies on the Rumina- tion and Lying Behaviour of Dairy Cows

Bronchioalveolar carcinoma in an adult alpaca ( Vicugna pacos )