Introduction. Ecologically Meaningful Germination Studies. Types of Seed Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Nondeep Physiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Morphophysiological Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds with Physical Dormancy. Germination Ecology of Seeds in the Persistent Seed Bank. Causes of Within-Species Variations in Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Tropical and Subtropical Zones. A Geographical Perspective on Germination Ecology: Temperate and Arctic Zones. Germination Ecology of Plants with Specialized Life Cycles and/or Habitats. Biogeographical and Evolutionary Aspects of Seed Dormancy. Subject Index.

A Definitive Book on Seed Ecology@@@Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination

Application of pesticides for enhancement in agricultural production has serious environmental and human health implications. Their inefficient and unregulated application is among main reasons for their contamination in soil, water and food systems. Application of organic resides for soil amendment is one of the low cost and sustainable option to avoid such pesticide contamination in the environment. However, the complexity of the interactions of the pesticide with soil interface that decide their fate and transport in soil environment needs comprehensive understanding. Therefore the focus of the review is to provide an in-depth elaboration of interactions of pesticides with various components of soil environment (both virgin soil and soil amended with organic residues). In addition, the factors (from the perspective of pesticide and soil) that influence the fate and transport of pesticides are discussed. This review will be useful for researchers and practitioners in understanding the fate and transport of pesticides within intrinsic and organic residue amended soil environment that is necessary to avoid / reduce the pesticide contamination in various environmental matrices. 

A review of interactions of pesticides within various interfaces of intrinsic and organic residue amended soil environment

Detoxification plays an important role in herbicide action. Herbicide safeners selectively protect crops from herbicide injury without reducing the herbicidal efficiency against the target weeds. With the large-scale use of herbicides, herbicide safeners have been widely used in sorghum, wheat, rice, corn, and other crops. In recent years, an increasing number of unexpected new herbicide safeners have been designed. The varieties, structural characteristics, uses, and synthetic routes of commercial herbicide safeners are reviewed in this paper. The design ideas and structural characteristics of novel herbicide safeners are summarized, which provide a basis for the design of bioactive molecules as new herbicide safeners in the future.

Research Progress in the Design and Synthesis of Herbicide Safeners: A Review.

The management of large volumes of organic residues generated in different livestock, urban, agricultural and industrial activities is a topic of environmental and social interest. The high organic matter content of these residues means that their application as soil organic amendments in agriculture is considered one of the more sustainable options, as it could solve the problem of the accumulation of uncontrolled wastes while improving soil quality and avoiding its irreversible degradation. However, the behavior of pesticides applied to increase crop yields could be modified in the presence of these amendments in the soil. This review article addresses how the adsorption–desorption, dissipation and leaching of pesticides in soils is affected by different organic residues usually applied as organic amendments. Based on the results reported from laboratory studies, the influence on these processes has been evaluated of multiple factors related to organic residues (e.g., origin, nature, composition, rates, and incubation time of the amended soils), pesticides (e.g., with different use, structure, characteristics, and application method), and soils with different physicochemical properties. Future perspectives on this topic are also included for highlighting the need to extend these laboratory studies to field and modelling scale to better assess and predict pesticide fate in amended soil scenarios.

/pdf/effect-of-organic-residues-on-pesticide-behavior-in-soils-a-zisfk4zr21.pdf

Effect of Organic Residues on Pesticide Behavior in Soils: A Review of Laboratory Research

Phytoremediation is a widely studied and applied technology, based on the use of plants and their associated microorganisms to decontaminate polluted sites. In recent years, different strategies have been investigated to improve the phytoremediation efficiency of the selected plants. In this context, some studies have shown that herbicide-safeners, chemicals applied to crops to enhance their tolerance to herbicides, can increase the phytoremediation of soils and water polluted by organic and inorganic contaminants. Safeners, by inducing the xenobiotic detoxification and the antioxidant metabolism in plants, can enhance their removal potential in the cleaning process. In this review, after a short survey of phytoremediation technologies and the biochemical mechanisms activated by plants to tolerate and detoxify heavy metals and herbicides, the use of herbicide-safeners as a tool to increase the phytoremediation performance is reviewed and discussed.

Phytoremediation and detoxification of xenobiotics in plants: herbicide-safeners as a tool to improve plant efficiency in the remediation of polluted environments. A mini-review

Isoxadifen-ethyl can effectively alleviate nicosulfuron injury in the maize. However, the effects of safener isoxadifen-ethyl on detoxifying enzymes in maize is unknown. The individual and combined effects of the sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron and the safener isoxadifen-ethyl on the growth and selected physiological processes of maize were evaluated. Bioassays showed that the EC50 values of nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron plus isoxadifen-ethyl for maize cultivar Zhengdan958 were 18.87 and 249.28 mg kg-1, respectively, and were 24.8 and 275.51 mg kg-1, respectively, for Zhenghuangnuo No. 2 cultivar. Evaluations of the target enzyme of acetolactate synthase showed that the I50 values of nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron plus isoxadifen-ethyl for the ALS of Zhengdan958 were 15.46 and 28.56 μmol L-1, respectively, and were 0.57 and 2.17 μmol L-1, respectively, for the acetolactate synthase of Zhenghuangnuo No. 2. The safener isoxadifen-ethyl significantly enhanced tolerance of maize to nicosulfuron. The enhanced tolerance of maize to nicosulfuron in the presence of the safener, coupled with the enhanced injury observed in the presence of piperonyl butoxide, 1-aminobenzotriazole, and malathion, suggested cytochrome P450 monooxygenases may be involved in metabolism of nicosulfuron. We proposed that isoxadifen-ethyl increases plant metabolism of nicosulfuron through non-P450-catalyzed routes or through P450 monooxygenases not inhibited by piperonyl butoxide, 1-aminobenzotriazole, and malathion. Isoxadifen-ethyl, at a rate of 33 mg kg-1, completely reversed the effects of all doses (37.5-300 mg kg-1) of nicosulfuron on both of the maize cultivars. When the two compounds were given simultaneously, isoxadifen-ethyl enhanced activity of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and acetolactate synthase activity in maize. The free acid 4,5-dihydro-5,5-diphenyl-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxylic was equally effective at inducing GSTs as the parent ester and appeared to be the active safener. GST induction in the maize Zhenghuangnuo No. 2 was faster than in Zhengdan 958.

/pdf/physiological-basis-for-isoxadifen-ethyl-induction-of-2n8dq2otti.pdf

Physiological basis for isoxadifen-ethyl induction of nicosulfuron detoxification in maize hybrids.

A potted soil experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) residue on the growth and photosynthesis of seedlings of a local cucumber variety (Xia Feng No.1). When the residue of bensulfuron-methyl in soil exceeded 50μg kg-1, it significantly inhibited the growth of cucumber, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity of cucumber. BSM treatment caused significant decreases in the biomass, chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, photosystem II (PSII) maximum quantum yield, actual quantum yield, photochemical quenching coefficient, and electron transport rate in cucumber seedlings, but increased the minimal fluorescence yield and dark respiration rate. Moreover, comparisons of the patterns of absorbed light energy partitioning revealed that the fractions of excess and thermally dissipated energy increased with rising concentrations of the BSM residue, but the fraction of PSII photochemistry declined. The BSM residues caused reversible destruction in the PSII reaction centers and decreased the proportion of available excitation energy used in PSII photochemistry. The results suggested that rice or wheat fields sprayed with BSM will not be suitable for planting cucumbers in succession or rotation.

Effects of bensulfuron-methyl residue on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of cucumber seedlings

Cucumis melo L var agrestis Naud (field muskmelon) is an annual invasive weed in many parts of Asia However, there is very little available information about the germination and emergence of this species Therefore, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of light, temperature, salt stress, osmotic stress, pH, and depth of planting on field muskmelon germination and seedling emergence Light had no effect on seed germination, and the seeds germinated at a wide range of temperatures More than 90% of the seeds germinated at constant temperatures between 20°C and 35°C, and fluctuating day/night temperatures between 15/25 and 30/40°C The seeds were tolerant to salinity as germination occurred up to the 200 mM NaCl treatment However, the seeds were sensitive to osmotic stress as seed germination was completely inhibited at -06 MPa The seeds germinated over a pH range of 4 to 10, which suggested that pH was not a limiting factor for germination Seedling emergence was greatest (9786%) when the seeds were planted on the soil surface, but emergence declined as the burial depth increased Information from this study can be used to predict future infestations in China and help develop strategies to manage this species

/pdf/influence-of-environmental-factors-on-cucumis-melo-l-var-3cu4z981yg.pdf

Influence of environmental factors on Cucumis melo L. var. agrestis Naud. seed germination and seedling emergence

BACKGROUND
S-metolachlor (MET) was used to prevent weed infestation in sorghum fields, but inappropriate application could result in phytotoxicity on sorghum. Exogenous gibberellin A3 (GA3 ) has applied for alleviating the phytotoxicity of MET. However, its detoxification mechanism is still not well known.


RESULTS
Leaf deformity of sorghum caused by 200 mg/L MET was alleviated by treating sorghum shoots with 800 mg/L GA3 , and the injury recovery rate of growth index was over 73%. More importantly, GA3 could not accelerate the metabolic rate of MET in sorghum. The result of phytohormone metabolomics showed that endogenous GA3 content in sorghum decreased by 78.10% with MET treatment, while abscisic acid (ABA) content increased by 120.2%, resulting in 10.3-fold increase of ABA/GA3 ratio. Content of ABA and GA3 increased by 11.9- and 21.1-fold with MET and GA3 treatment, respectively, leading to ABA/GA3 ratio restoration. Moreover, MET inhibited the expression of genes encoding key enzymes related to GA synthesis including CPS1, KO2, KAO, GA20ox1D and ABA8ox gene related to ABA metabolism. The transcription levels of GA synthesis-related genes CYP714D1 and GA2ox were up-regulated by 11.2- and 7.2-fold, while ABA synthesis-related genes NCED and ZEP were up-regulated by 8.0- and 3.0-fold, respectively, with MET and GA3 treatment.


CONCLUSION
In this study, exogenous GA3 protecting sorghum shoots from MET phytotoxicity was due to supplement the MET-induced GA3 deficiency by absorbing exogenous GA3 , and restore homeostasis of ABA and GA3 by promoting ABA synthesis, which provides novel insights for mechanism of GA3 alleviating MET phytotoxicity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The Mechanism of Exogenous Gibberellin A3 Protecting Sorghum Shoots from S-metolachlor Phytotoxicity.

Transcriptome analysis and the identification of genes involved in the metabolic pathways of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl in rice treated with isoxadifen-ethyl hydrolysate.

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