We propose B-MAC, a carrier sense media access protocol for wireless sensor networks that provides a flexible interface to obtain ultra low power operation, effective collision avoidance, and high channel utilization. To achieve low power operation, B-MAC employs an adaptive preamble sampling scheme to reduce duty cycle and minimize idle listening. B-MAC supports on-the-fly reconfiguration and provides bidirectional interfaces for system services to optimize performance, whether it be for throughput, latency, or power conservation. We build an analytical model of a class of sensor network applications. We use the model to show the effect of changing B-MAC's parameters and predict the behavior of sensor network applications. By comparing B-MAC to conventional 802.11-inspired protocols, specifically SMAC, we develop an experimental characterization of B-MAC over a wide range of network conditions. We show that B-MAC's flexibility results in better packet delivery rates, throughput, latency, and energy consumption than S-MAC. By deploying a real world monitoring application with multihop networking, we validate our protocol design and model. Our results illustrate the need for flexible protocols to effectively realize energy efficient sensor network applications.

/pdf/versatile-low-power-media-access-for-wireless-sensor-4pgt6gm9z8.pdf

Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks

This survey and taxonomy of location systems for mobile-computing applications describes a spectrum of current products and explores the latest in the field. To make sense of this domain, we have developed a taxonomy to help developers of location-aware applications better evaluate their options when choosing a location-sensing system. The taxonomy may also aid researchers in identifying opportunities for new location-sensing techniques.

/pdf/location-systems-for-ubiquitous-computing-652d8ndw9f.pdf

Location systems for ubiquitous computing

Accurate and low-cost sensor localization is a critical requirement for the deployment of wireless sensor networks in a wide variety of applications. In cooperative localization, sensors work together in a peer-to-peer manner to make measurements and then forms a map of the network. Various application requirements influence the design of sensor localization systems. In this article, the authors describe the measurement-based statistical models useful to describe time-of-arrival (TOA), angle-of-arrival (AOA), and received-signal-strength (RSS) measurements in wireless sensor networks. Wideband and ultra-wideband (UWB) measurements, and RF and acoustic media are also discussed. Using the models, the authors have shown the calculation of a Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on the location estimation precision possible for a given set of measurements. The article briefly surveys a large and growing body of sensor localization algorithms. This article is intended to emphasize the basic statistical signal processing background necessary to understand the state-of-the-art and to make progress in the new and largely open areas of sensor network localization research.

Locating the nodes: cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks

The recent advances in radio and em beddedsystem technologies have enabled the proliferation of wireless microsensor networks. Such wirelessly connected sensors are released in many diverse environments to perform various monitoring tasks. In many such tasks, location awareness is inherently one of the most essential system parameters. It is not only needed to report the origins of events, but also to assist group querying of sensors, routing, and to answer questions on the network coverage. In this paper we present a novel approach to the localization of sensors in an ad-hoc network. We describe a system called AHLoS (Ad-Hoc Localization System) that enables sensor nodes to discover their locations using a set distributed iterative algorithms. The operation of AHLoS is demonstrated with an accuracy of a few centimeters using our prototype testbed while scalability and performance are studied through simulation.

Dynamic fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of sensors

In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. In this paper we first break down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes, which are subsequently discussed in depth. Special attention has been devoted to promising solutions which have not yet obtained a wide attention in the literature, such as techniques for energy efficient data acquisition. Finally we conclude the paper with insights for research directions about energy conservation in WSNs.

/pdf/energy-conservation-in-wireless-sensor-networks-a-survey-1bl7d2obnm.pdf

Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey

A method for estimating unknown node positions in a sensor network based exclusively on connectivity-induced constraints is described. Known peer-to-peer communication in the network is modeled as a set of geometric constraints on the node positions. The global solution of a feasibility problem for these constraints yields estimates for the unknown positions of the nodes in the network. Providing that the constraints are tight enough, simulation illustrates that this estimate becomes close to the actual node positions. Additionally, a method for placing rectangular bounds around the possible positions for all unknown nodes in the network is given. The area of the bounding rectangles decreases as additional or tighter constraints are included in the problem. Specific models are suggested and simulated for isotropic and directional communication, representative of broadcast-based and optical transmission respectively, though the methods presented are not limited to these simple cases.

/pdf/convex-position-estimation-in-wireless-sensor-networks-1q1uqzjmfc.pdf

Convex position estimation in wireless sensor networks

The Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol (TSMP) enables reliable, low power, secure communication in a managed wireless mesh network. TSMP is a medium access and networking protocol designed for the recently ratified Wireless HART standard in industrial automation. TSMP benefits from synchronization of nodes in a multi-hop network to within a few hundred microseconds, allowing scheduling of collision-free pair-wise and broadcast communication to meet the traffic needs of all nodes while cycling through all available channels. Latency and reliability guarantees can be traded off for energy use, though our focus has been on providing high reliability (>99.9%) networks at the lowest power possible. TSMP has been demonstrated in multi-hop networks exceeding 250 nodes per access point, thousands of nodes with multiple access points, radio duty cycles of 0.01%, and with devices at radically different temperatures and traffic levels. With the 802.15.4 physical layer and 10 ms time slots, TSMP can theoretically achieve a secure payload throughput of 76 kbps at a single egress point.

Tsmp: time synchronized mesh protocol

Convex Optimization Methods for Sensor Node Position Estimation.

A system for congestion control for a wireless sensor network comprises a processor and a memory. The processor is configured to determine a level of congestion at one or more nodes and indicate an adjustment to network traffic in response to the level of congestion. The adjustment to the network traffic reduces the level of congestion at the one or more nodes. The memory is coupled to the processor and configured to provide instructions to the processor.

Congestion control for wireless sensor networks

The authors describe the design, fabrication and testing of lateral field emission diodes utilizing the deep reactive ion etch (DRIE). Devices were fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers of varied thickness, by etching the device silicon in the STS DRIE system in a single mask process. After subsequent oxidation sharpening and oxide removal, diodes were tested on a probing station under vacuum. A typical diode exhibited very high currents on the order of /spl sim/100 /spl mu/A at 60 V, and turn-on voltage between 35 V and 40 V. The high electron current is emitted in such a diode by multiple sharp tips vertically spaced by 450 nm along the etched sidewall due to the pulsed nature of the DRIE process.

http://adriaticresearch.org/Research/pdf/FEDedl.pdf

Deep reactive ion etching for lateral field emission devices

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