Hexabromocyclododecanes (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) were determined in indoor air from homes (n=33; median concentrations sigma HBCDs = 180 pg m(-3); TBBP-A = 15 pg m(-3)), offices (n=25; 170; 11), public microenvironments (n=4; 900; 27) and outdoor air (n=5; 37; 1). HBCDs and TBBP-A were also determined in dust from homes (n=45; median concentrations sigma HBCDs = 1300 ng g(-1); TBBP-A = 62 ng g(-1)), offices (n=28; 760; 36), cars (n=20; 13,000; 2), and public microenvironments (n=4; 2700; 230). While sigma HBCDs in car dust significantly exceeded (p < 0.05) those in homes and offices, TBBP-A in car dust was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that in homes and offices. No significant differences were observed between sigma HBCDs and TBBP-A in air or dust from homes and offices. Compared to dietary and inhalation exposures, dust ingestion constitutes an important pathway of exposure to HBCDs and TBBP-A for the UK population. Specifically, using average dust ingestion rates and concentrations in dust, dust ingestion constitutes for adults 34% (TBBP-A) and 24% (HBCDs) of overall exposure, and for toddlers 90% (TBBP-A) and 63% (HBCDs). Inhalation appears a minor exposure pathway to both HBCDs and TBBP-A. On average, dust is 33% alpha-, 11% beta-, and 56% gamma-HBCD, while air is 22% alpha-, 11% beta-, and 65% gamma-HBCD.

Hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol-A in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, UK : implications for human exposure

A metagenomics study of hexabromocyclododecane degradation with a soil microbial community.

Bromine (Br) is widely distributed through the lithosphere and hydrosphere, and its chemistry in the environment is affected by natural processes and anthropogenic activities. While the chemistry of Br in the atmosphere has been comprehensively explored, there has never been an overview of the chemistry of Br in soil and aquatic systems. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the sources, geochemistry, health and environmental threats, remediation approaches, and regulatory guidelines pertaining to Br pollution in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Volcanic eruptions, geothermal streams, and seawater are the major natural sources of Br. In soils and sediments, Br undergoes natural cycling between organic and inorganic forms, with bromination reactions occurring both abiotically and through microbial activity. For organisms, Br is a non-essential element; it is passively taken up by plant roots in the form of the Br- anion. Elevated Br- levels can limit plant growth on coastal soils of arid and semi-arid environments. Br is used in the chemical industry to manufacture pesticides, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, and other products. Anthropogenic sources of organobromine contaminants in the environment are primarily wastewater treatment, fumigants, and flame retardants. When aqueous Br- reacts with oxidants in water treatment plants, it can generate brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs), and exposure to DBPs is linked to adverse human health effects including increased cancer risk. Br- can be removed from aquatic systems using adsorbents, and amelioration of soils containing excess Br- can be achieved by leaching, adding various amendments, or phytoremediation. Developing cost-effective methods for Br- removal from wastewater would help address the problem of toxic brominated DBPs. Other anthropogenic organobromines, such as polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, are persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative, posing a challenge in environmental remediation. Future research directives for managing Br pollution sustainably in various environmental settings are suggested here. 

Bromine contamination and risk management in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

The effects of long-term hexabromocyclododecanes contamination on microbial communities in the microcosms.

Citrobacter sp. Y3 harbouring novel gene HBCD-hd-1 mineralizes hexabromocyclododecane via new metabolic pathways according to multi-omics characterization.

Kinetics, pathways and toxicity of hexabromocyclododecane biodegradation: Isolation of the novel bacterium Citrobacter sp. Y3.

The invention relates to a citric acid bacillus Y3 with the function of degrading brominated flame retardants and application thereof. The citric acid bacillus Y3 is preserved in the China typical culture collection center on April, 8th in 2016, and the preservation number is CCTCC NO:M 2016182; the citric acid bacillus Y3 is a Gram-negative bacterium, a bacterial colony on an MSM slab is in a circular shape, the surface is smooth, wet and likely to be stirred up, little adhesion exists, the color is light yellow to milk white, and the bacterial colony is not transparent. The citric acid bacillus Y3 has the strong degrading capability on the brominated flame retardants on the anaerobic co-metabolism condition, and the strain is suitable for treating pollution of the brominated flame retardants in the environment and can achieve the purpose of environmental modification.

Citric acid bacillus Y3 with function of degrading brominated flame retardants and application thereof

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Kinetics, pathways and toxicity of hexabromocyclododecane biodegradation: Isolation of the novel bacterium Citrobacter sp. Y3.

Citric acid bacillus Y3 with function of degrading brominated flame retardants and application thereof