Dentin regeneration is the preferred method used to preserve dental pulp vitality after pulp exposure due to caries. Red light-emitting diode irradiation (LEDI), which is based on photobiomodulation (PBM), has been used to promote hard-tissue regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism still needs elucidation. This study aimed to explore the mechanism involved in red LEDI affecting dentin regeneration. Alizarin red S (ARS) staining revealed that red LEDI induced mineralization of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) in vitro. We further distinguished the cell proliferation (0–6 d), differentiation (6–12 d), and mineralization (12–18 d) of HDPCs in vitro and treated cells either with or without red LEDI in each stage. The results showed that red LEDI treatment in the mineralization stage, but not the proliferation or differentiation stages, increased mineralized nodule formation around HDPCs. Western blot also indicated that red LEDI treatment in the mineralization stage, but not the proliferation or differentiation stages, upregulated the expression of dentin matrix marker proteins (dentin sialophosphoprotein, DSPP; dentin matrix protein 1, DMP1; osteopontin, OPN) and an intracellular secretory vesicle marker protein (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, LAMP1). Therefore, the red LEDI might enhance the matrix vesicle secretion of HDPCs. On the molecular level, red LEDI enhanced mineralization by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (ERK and P38). ERK and P38 inhibition reduced mineralized nodule formation and the expression of relevant marker proteins. In summary, red LEDI enhanced the mineralization of HDPCs by functioning to produce a positive effect in the mineralization stage in vitro.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/11/9767/pdf?version=1685967067

Effects of Red LED Irradiation in Enhancing the Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Cells In Vitro

Research and development of microenvironment’s influence on stem cells from the apical papilla – construction of novel research microdevices: tooth-on-a-chip

Blue light-emitting diode promotes mineralization of stem cells from the apical papilla via cryptochrome 1/Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Abstract Aims The study aimed to investigate the role of miR‐146a‐5p in osteogenesis of hPDLSCs irradiated with low‐energy red LEDs. Methods After irradiation with 5 J/cm 2 red LED, miR‐146a‐5p expression was detected by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), and osteogenic markers expression was determined by RT‐qPCR and Western blotting. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed by ALP staining, and mineralization was assessed by Alizarin Red staining, respectively. Lentiviral vectors were designed to regulate miR‐146a‐5p expression. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm the targeted relationship between miR‐146a‐5p and MAPK1. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to regulate MAPK1 expression. Results RT‐qPCR and western blotting revealed that 5 J/cm 2 irradiation elevated the levels of the osteogenic markers osterix (OSX) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) in hPDLSCs. miR‐146a‐5p is downregulated in hPDLSCs under the low‐energy red LED light irradiation. miR‐146a‐5p underexpression markedly promoted the osteogenic potential of hPDLSCs. miR‐146a‐5p targeted MAPK1. 5 J/cm 2 red LED irradiation rescued the inhibitory effects of upregulated miR‐146a‐5p on osteogenic differentiation, and the positive influence of red LED irradiation could be reversed by downregulated MAPK1. Conclusion These findings confirm that miR‐146a‐5p is involved in the effect of LED irradiation on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs by targeting MAPK1. Red LED irradiation may be a potential clinical adjunct therapy for periodontal regeneration. 

Low‐energy red light‐emitting diode irradiation enhances osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells by regulating <scp>miR</scp>‐146a‐5p

Abstract To explore the impact of score in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy (DPN) treated with traditional Chinese medicine package (TCMP) plus red light therapy and lipoic acid on malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV), and Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TSS). A total of 108 patients with DPN hospitalized in the hospital were chosen and divided into groups with the random number table. In the control group (CG) 54 patients were treated with conventional lipoic acid, and 54 patients in the experimental group (EG) accepted TCMP plus red light on the basis of the CG. The MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores before treatment and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of oxidation indicators, nerve conduction velocity, and symptom scores between the two groups ( P &gt; 0.05). After treatment, the MDA in the EG was lower than that in the CG, with a statistical significance difference ( P &lt; 0.05). The SOD and TAOC in the EG were higher than those in the CG, and the difference was statistically significant ( P &lt; 0.05). The MNCV and SNCV of median nerve, common peroneal nerve, and tibial nerve in the EG were significantly higher than those in the CG ( P &lt; 0.05). The TSS score of the EG was lower than that of the CG, and the difference was statistically significant ( P &lt; 0.05). The treatment of patients with DPN with lipoic acid plus TCMP and red light therapy can improve the symptoms and signs of disease, promote the recovery of motor and sensory conduction velocity, and optimize the body oxidation indicators. 

Analysis of MDA, SOD, TAOC, MNCV, SNCV, and TSS scores in patients with diabetes peripheral neuropathy

Irradiation with a red light-emitting diode enhances the proliferation of stem cells of apical papilla via the ERK5 signalling pathway

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Irradiation with a red light-emitting diode enhances the proliferation of stem cells of apical papilla via the ERK5 signalling pathway