The Social Psychology of Groups. J. W Thibaut & H. H. Kelley. New York: alley, 1959. The team of Thibaut and Kelley goes back to 1946 when, after serving in different units of the armed services psychology program, the authors joined the Research Center for Group Dynamics, first at M.LT and then at the University of Michigan. Their continued association eventuated in appointments as fellows at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, 19561957. It is during these years that their collaboration resulted in the publication of The Social Psychology of Groups. The book was designed to "bring order and coherence to present-day research in interpersonal relations and group functioning." To accomplish this aim, the authors introduced, defined, and illustrated basic concepts in an effort to explain the simplest of social phenomena, the two-person relationship. These basic principles and concepts were then employed to illuminate larger problems and more complex social relationships and to examine the significance of such concepts as roles, norm, power, group cohesiveness, and status. The lasting legacy of this book is derived from the fact that the concepts and principles discussed therein serve as a foundation for one of the dominant conceptual frameworks in the field of family studies today-the social exchange framework. Specifically, much of our contemporary thinking about the process of interpersonal attraction and about how individuals evaluate their close relationships has been influenced by the theory and concepts introduced in The Social Psychology of Groups. Today, as a result of Thibaut and Kelley, we think of interpersonal attraction as resulting from the unique valence of driving and restraining forces, rewards and costs, subjectively thought to be available from a specific relationship and its competing alternatives. We understand, as well, that relationships are evaluated through complex and subjectively based comparative processes. As a result, when we think about assessing the degree to which individuals are satisfied with their relationships, we take into consideration the fact that individuals differ in terms of the importance they attribute to different aspects of a relationship (e.g., financial security, sexual fulfillment, companionship). We also take into consideration the fact that individuals differ in terms of the levels of rewards and costs that they believe are realistically obtainable and deserved from a relationship. In addition, as a result of Thibaut and Kelley's theoretical focus on the concept of dependence and the interrelationship between attraction and dependence, there has evolved within the field of family studies a deeper appreciation for the complexities and variability found within relationships. Individuals are dependent on their relationships, according to Thibaut and Kelley, when the outcomes derived from the existing relationship exceed those perceived to be available in competing alternatives. Individuals who are highly dependent on their relationships are less likely to act to end their relationships. This dependence and the stability it engenders may or may not be voluntary, depending on the degree to which individuals are attracted to and satisfied with their relationships. When individuals are both attracted to and dependent on their relationships, they can be thought of as voluntarily participating in their relationship. That is, they are likely to commit themselves to the partner and relationship and actively work for its continuance. Thibaut and Kelley termed those relationships characterized by low levels of satisfaction and high levels of dependence "nonvoluntary relationships. …

The Social Psychology of Groups

The purpose of this paper is to develop a model to examine the female consumer’s intention to shop online. The rising number of female online shoppers has compelled the analysts and online vendors to believe that understanding the attitude and behaviour of the female consumers is very crucial for their growth.,A conceptual model is proposed that expands the theory of reasoned action (TRA) with three additional constructs, namely, trust, convenience and customer service. The proposed model is examined with the help of questionnaire responses collected from 909 online shoppers from India.,The paper empirically shows that there is a significant influence of attitude, convenience, customer service and subjective norm on the female consumer’s intention to buy online. Customer service acts as the most crucial factor in influencing the attitude of female consumers towards online shopping. The paper also points out that trust does not directly affect the female’s intention to shop online but indirectly influences it through attitude.,The paper has significant implications for practitioners. First, the results advocate that convenience and customer service are the vital antecedents to both behavioural intention and behavioural attitude. Second, the paper also showcases that trust influences behavioural intention indirectly through attitude, stressing the need for the online retailers to develop consumers’ trust in online shopping.,The paper examines TRA framework in the context of female online shopping, while earlier studies have concentrated completely on efficiency-based software tools like word processing, spreadsheets, etc. The integration of the three constructs – trust, convenience and customer service – in the TRA framework has not been studied in the past. The interaction effect of the different elements of customer services on the female consumer behaviour has never been examined in the previous research works.

Understanding female consumers’ intention to shop online: The role of trust, convenience and customer service

In this paper, the relative importance of trust and usability of E-commerce in South Africa is discussed. In order to investigate these issues, a heuristic evaluation and an empirical evaluation were conducted on a number of South African E-commerce sites. A comprehensive set of E-commerce design guidelines was compiled, which was used to conduct a heuristic evaluation of the selected E-commerce sites. The results of the heuristic evaluation indicated that a number of usability problems exist on the selected sites. The empirical evaluation results also identified a number of usability problems on the selected sites. A correlation analysis between the two sets of results was used to identify a number of E-commerce design guidelines that are of specific relevance to the South African E-commerce market. This paper proposes a trust model for E-commerce in South Africa, based on the guidelines that were identified as being significant for E-commerce in South Africa.

A trust model for E-commerce in South Africa : reviewed article

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh convenience, trust, dan subjective norm terhadap kepuasan pelanggan yang dimediasi oleh user behavior belanja online. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan adalah sampling melalui penyebaran kuesioner. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 201 responden secara purposive sampling, dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode SEM (Structural Equation Modelling). Program yang digunakan dalam SEM ini adalah AMOS (analisis struktur momen). Makalah ini secara empiris menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan dari trust dan subjective norm terhadap user behavior belanja online. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa convenience tidak berpengaruh positif terhadap user behavior. User behavior memiliki efek positif pada customer satisfaction. Convenience tidak berpengaruh positif terhadap customer satisfaction dimediasi oleh user behavior, trust berpengaruh positif terhadap customer satisfaction dimediasi oleh user behavior, subjective norm berpengaruh positif terhadap customer satisfaction dimediasi oleh user behavior. Disarankan kepada pengelola untuk memastikan kualitas produk dan membuat program taktis untuk kepuasan pelanggan belanja online.

Analisis Convenience, Trust dan Subjective Norm terhadap Customer Satisfaction yang Dimediasi oleh User Behavior Belanja Online

E-commerce websites often store sensitive customer information and there is the impression that customers are not as concerned about protecting their data as they should be. Instead they often choose convenience over security. There are those who argue that e-vendors do not provide the necessary environment to adequately protect their customers’ data by utilizing multi-factor authentication and by providing customer support that educates and encourages customers to follow security best practices. This study develops criteria to evaluate website security and goes on to investigate how the top 20 South African e-commerce websites perform against this. The results show that multi-factor authentication is underutilized and security in the form of password-based authentication can be improved. Furthermore, despite many customer support channels and resources, there is little emphasis placed on educating and encouraging customers to follow security best practices. The results suggest areas for security improvement in order to build trust in e-commerce websites.

/pdf/investigating-customer-facing-security-features-on-south-2w3en4xa2m.pdf

Investigating Customer-Facing Security Features on South African E-commerce Websites

The growing middle class in sub-Saharan Africa seeks more convenient shopping methods and better quality products, driving local and international internet retailers to operate in the region through the borderless medium of e-commerce.The research paper's main objective is to determine why consumers would opt for online purchasing. It seeks to understand, by using quantitative analysis, the extrinsic and intrinsic motivators of South African e-consumers. The data gathered through an electronic survey, was analyzed by applying a number of statistical techniques, including regression and correlation analysis, to determine how consumers perceived different trust antecedents.Results from the study led to the conclusion that consumers will opt to purchase online, because it provides the extrinsic motivators of convenience and variety, as long as the protection of personal data can be guaranteed. The presence of the following antecedents, which provide the intrinsic motivation to transact online, is required on e-vendor websites for consumers to trust online purchasing: presence of third party seals; high quality product information; familiar processes; e-vendor reputation; product guarantees; public consumer feedback portals; and effective and accurate product delivery.

A Trust-based e-Commerce Decision-making Model for South African Citizens

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A Trust-based e-Commerce Decision-making Model for South African Citizens