Molecular Neurobiology of the Olfactory System

Presence and functional significance of presynaptic ryanodine receptors.

The olfactory system gives us an awareness of our immediate environment by allowing us to detect airborne stimuli. The components necessary for detection of these odorants are compartmentalized in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons. Cilia are microtubule-based organelles, which can be found projecting from the surface of almost any mammalian cell, and are critical for proper olfactory function. Mislocalization of ciliary proteins and/or the loss of cilia cause impaired olfactory function, which is now recognized as a clinical manifestation of a broad class of human diseases, termed ciliopathies. Future work investigating the mechanisms of olfactory cilia function will provide us important new information regarding the pathogenesis of human sensory perception diseases.

/pdf/olfactory-cilia-linking-sensory-cilia-function-and-human-46u4w1xzbu.pdf

Olfactory Cilia: Linking Sensory Cilia Function and Human Disease

https://www.jbc.org/content/262/28/13865.full.pdf

Intracellular calcium uptake activated by GTP. Evidence for a possible guanine nucleotide-induced transmembrane conveyance of intracellular calcium.

The fluorescent lipophilic dye 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiOC6(3)] was used to examine the distribution of membrane-bound organelles in growth cones of cultured rat sympathetic neurons. Within chemically fixed growth cones, intense DiOC6(3) fluorescence was localized predominately to the base or central region of growth cones. However, in most growth cones several thin DiOC6(3)-fluorescent processes radiated from the base into the periphery, and double fluorescence imaging of single growth cones indicated that these processes were highly colocalized (approximately 79%) with microtubules. The distribution of DiOC6(3) fluorescence in living growth cones was examined using low light-level fluorescence video microscopy. We observed thin fluorescent processes within the periphery of growth cones to undergo length excursions (extension/retraction) and to change orientation (move laterally). During growth cone advance, processes became progressively thicker and were gradually engulfed by the advancing fluorescent mass. When growth cones were viewed with video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy, the position of the fluorescent processes correlated with thickened extensions of central-type cytoplasm through which vesiclelike organelle transport often occurred. These observations indicate several features concerning the organization and movement of membranous organelles (MOs) in growth cones: (1) MOs are highly compartmentalized, the majority being localized to the growth cone base; (2) MOs advance into the periphery along distinct pathways probably associated with microtubules; (3) one or more thin continuous MOs, which most likely represent a thin tubular component of the endoplasmic reticulum, generally precedes advance of vesiclelike MOs along individual transport pathways; and (4) transport pathways with their associated MOs are spatially and temporally dynamic.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/9/6/1897.full.pdf

Dynamics of the endoplasmic reticulum and other membranous organelles in growth cones of cultured neurons.

Ultrastructural studies of single and serial sections of bullfrog olfactory axons showed that smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) tubules, which usually appear as single profiles in cross-sections of axons, are continuous over considerable distances, but that discontinuities do exist. Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of portions of axons indicated that the SER tubules show considerable variation in the volume of the cisternal space along the tubule, which often follows a tortuous path. Some branching and anastomosing appears to occur, and electron-dense material was present in the cisternal space of some tubules. SER tubules are often bridged to neurofilaments and less often to microtubules. The usual two to three microtubules in the axoplasm form a domain which is characterized by a clear area, or zone of exclusion, around the microtubules. Ultrastructural cytochemistry was used to demonstrate that SER tubules actively sequester Ca. The electron-dense product (calcium oxalate) was uniformly and specifically associated with the SER of axons at both proximal (closest to the perikarya in the olfactory epithelium) and distal (closest to the olfactory lobe of the brain) ends of the olfactory nerve. It is concluded that the primary function of SER tubules in these axons is to serve in the regulation of Ca in the axoplasm, probably to facilitate fast axoplasmic transport, and that a secondary function may be the translocation of material in the cisternal space. The observations are discussed as they may relate to the “microstream” hypothesis of axoplasmic transport, and it is argued that fast transport occurs through the zone of exclusion associated with the microtubule domain(s) of axons.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/5/11/3047.full.pdf

The distribution, relationships to other organelles, and calcium- sequestering ability of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in frog olfactory axons

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The distribution, relationships to other organelles, and calcium- sequestering ability of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in frog olfactory axons