The levitation forces between a single-domain YBCO bulk and several magnets of different sizes have been measured at 77 K to investigate the effect of the magnet size on the levitation force. It is found that the levitation force reaches a largest (peak) value when the size of the magnet approaches that of the superconductor when the other conditions are fixed. The absolute maximum attractive force (in the field-cooled state) increases with the increasing of the magnet size, and is saturated when the magnet size approaches that of the superconductor. The maximum attractive force in the field-cooled (FC) state is much higher than that of the maximum attractive force in the zero field-cooled (ZFC) state. The results indicate that the effects of magnetic field distribution on the levitation force have to be considered during the designing and manufacturing of superconducting devices.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/16/7/308/pdf

The effect of magnet size on the levitation force and attractive force of single-domain YBCO bulk superconductors

The interaction forces were measured at 77 K by changing the field cooling distance Z fc between a YBCO bulk and a permanent magnet. It is found that the maximum levitation force ( F mlf ), maximum attractive force ( F maf ) and the gap distance ( Z maf ) corresponding to F maf can be well described by exponential laws as a function of Z fc , which allow us to predict these values according to Z fc . It is also found that the distance between the Z 0fa (gap distance corresponding to the zero force) and Z maf in the ascending process is a constant value, which can be well interpreted by the constant reduction rate of the axial component magnetic flux density along the axis line of the magnet within the constant distance. These results are very interesting to physical research and helpful for the practical designing and applications.

The characterization of levitation force and attractive force of single-domain YBCO bulk under different field cooling process

The effects of different field cooling processes on the levitation force and attractive force of single-domain YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) bulk have been investigated. The forces were measured at 77 K by changing the field cooling distance Zfc between the YBCO bulk and a permanent magnet. We found that the stiffness between the YBCO and magnet increases with the decrease of Zfc; the maximum levitation force (Fmlf) of the sample decreases from 74 N to 48 N with a decrease of the Zfc from 7 cm to 0.7 cm; but the maximum attractive force (Fmaf) increases from 2.96 N to 30.6 N with a decrease of Zfc from 7 cm to 0.1 mm. Both of them obey the first decreasing exponential law. It is also found that the distance Zmaf, corresponding to Fmaf, decreases in an exponential law with the decrease of Zfc. The Fmlf, Fmaf and Zmaf are all saturated in the range of Zfc from 3 to 4 cm. All the relations between Fmlf, Fmaf and Zfc are closely related with the axial magnetic field distribution of the magnet, which allow us to easily predict the values between the Fmlf, Fmaf and Zfc, which is very helpful for practical designing and for applications.

The effect of different field cooling processes on the levitation force and attractive force of single-domain YBa2Cu3O7−x bulk

An analytic Fourier method is used to calculate magnetic fields and forces between magnet arrays for a number of arrangements, with particular application to magnetic levitation by superconductors. It is shown that the maximum clearance between a levitated magnet and superconductor is about 24 cm. Using sinusoidal current sheets the attenuation of the effect of inhomgeneities in a magnet by adding a thin permeable sheet is found. By adding further harmonics the forces and stiffnesses for two-dimensional arrays of magnets are calculated. The advantage of this method is that the effects of magnet shape, strength, size and distance to the superconductor are separated which allows us to draw general conclusions about the best design.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/15/5/323/pdf

Forces between arrays of magnets and superconductors

Identification of the effect of grain size on levitation force of well-textured YBCO bulk superconductors

The high levitation force of YBCO bulk superconductors makes it possible for many applications such as magnetic bearings, flywheels and magnetic levitation transport systems etc. But for a given superconductor, the levitation forces are much different with different magnetic field distributions. In this paper, many small magnets (10×10×10 cm 3 ) with the B=0.5 T on the top surface have been selected to investigate the effects of the magnet numbers and the configurations of the same number of magnets on the levitation force of a single-domain YBCO bulk superconductor (30 mm in diameter). It is found that the levitation force increases with the increasing of the magnet numbers (such as the levitation force increases from 18.8 to 49 N with the increasing of the magnet numbers from 1 to 12) and saturated when the size of the composed magnet becomes larger than that of the YBCO bulk. It is also found that the levitation forces are different with different magnet configurations for a given YBCO bulk and the same number of the magnets, the smaller the magnetic poles in the composed magnets, the higher the levitation force of the YBCO bulks. The results will be discussed in detail.

The effect of magnet configurations on the levitation force of melt processed YBCO bulk superconductors

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The effect of magnet configurations on the levitation force of melt processed YBCO bulk superconductors