Seismic pounding between adjacent buildings: Identification of parameters, soil interaction issues and mitigation measures

This paper uses the probabilistic seismic assessment to study the effects of pounding and irregularity on the seismic behavior of typical concrete box-girder bridges with four levels of altitudinal irregularity. To extend the results for all bridges in the same class, uncertainty related to the earthquake, structural geometries, and materials are considered. Pounding is likely to take place in two cases: the first one concerns the seat-type abutments, and the second is at the in-span hinge of multi-frame bridges. Accordingly, the present study is an attempt to investigate the behavior of irregular bridges considering the effects of pounding in both cases. In the first case, the effects of changes in the gap size on engineering demand parameters (EDPs) were investigated. Then, correlations between earthquake parameters and the pounding force were evaluated. Furthermore, the pounding force exerted on the abutment was compared for different bridge irregularity levels. In the second part of the paper, the effects of pounding of adjacent bridge segments in the decks of non-continuous bridges were studied for equivalent Two-Degree-of-Freedom structures, for which the probability of non-occurrence was estimated. In the end, the relationship between structural or seismic parameters and the pounding force was evaluated in case of pounding. The results of the study show that the gap size between the abutment and the deck has the highest effect on the abutment passive deformation, pounding force, and base shear. Also, the substructure irregularity of bridges reduces the correlation between the gap size and the EDPs, except for the column ductility. Moreover, decreasing the ratio of periods of the adjacent frames diminishes the effect of the type of the earthquake but increases the probability of pounding.

Probabilistic seismic assessment of RC box-girder highway bridges with unequal-height piers subjected to earthquake-induced pounding

Incremental dynamic analysis and fragility assessment of buildings founded on different soil types experiencing structural pounding during earthquakes

Comparative analysis of mechanisms of 3-D brittle crack growth in compression

A 2D model of two adjacent buildings with different heights (6 and 12 floors) and foundation levels without separation distance under seismic load and considering SSI is investigated. A special arrangement of contact elements (gap elements) each 1 m of the low height building in the contact zone is taken into consideration to fulfill all possible deformation contact modes which take place under seismic load (earthquake). Soil is modeled by 2D shell elements in contact with foundations of the two adjacent buildings. This paper focuses on the study of double pounding that takes place between the two adjacent buildings in some upper points at superstructure in the contact zone and also at foundation level. The forces of double pounding between the two adjacent buildings, which increase by softening of the soil, give a valuable assessment of straining actions of the two adjacent buildings and change the behavior of soil under the foundations and around basement floor.

/pdf/seismic-analysis-of-adjacent-buildings-subjected-to-double-25xnxuh8xq.pdf

Seismic analysis of adjacent buildings subjected to double pounding considering soil–structure interaction

The cold-drawing deformation behavior of CoNiCr-superalloy MP159 with designed strains was investigated, and the substructural evolution was observed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The unique network structure in the MP159 superalloy was found to consist of intersecting nanotwins and stacking faults, and the corresponding formation mechanism was revealed. Different fractions and thicknesses of deformation nanotwins were obtained at different cold-drawing-induced strains, and the effect of deformation nanotwins on the mechanical strength was further analyzed. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength at 48% drawing-induced strain increased by approximately 75% compared to that of the initial solution sample. The multiple deformations induced by Lomer–Cottrell locks, nanotwins, stacking faults (SFs) and their interactions contributed to the strength enhancement during cold-drawing deformation. 

Multiple strengthening mechanisms induced by nanotwins and stacking faults in CoNiCr-superalloy MP159

The occurrence of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effects can be affected by the 9R structure, thus improving the mechanical properties of the alloy. However, the mechanism of the 9R structure during the phase transformation is still unclear. A new microscopic mechanism is proposed in this work, and a crystallographic model is established to explain the FCC→9R→HCP transformation processes. The 9R structure is obtained by adjusting the stacking fault energy (SFE) in Fe 40 Mn 40-x Co 20 Cr x high entropy alloy (HEAs) based on first-principles calculation. The calculations reveal that the interfacial synergism derived from the FCC and 9R structures lowers the cohesive energy and enhances stability. Moreover, the 9R structure provides more HCP phase nucleation cores and enhances the TRIP effect. This work proposes a valuable design concept for developing high-strength ductile structural materials. • The giant 9R structure can be observed within the Fe 40 Mn 35 Co 20 Cr 5 alloy. • With the increase of Mn content, the intrinsic stacking fault energy decreases. • Calculations reveal that the interfacial synergism derived from the FCC and 9R structure lowers the cohesive energy. • The 9R structures can provide more HCP phase nucleation cores and enhance the TRIP effect. 

The role of 9R structures on deformation-induced martensitic phase transformations in dual-phase high-entropy alloys

On June 23, 1874, an earthquake of magnitude 5/4 occurred about 11 km northeast of Dangan Main Island, and the epicenter was around 30km southeast from Tsimshatsui of Hong Kong. Chinese seismologists estimated that the maximum credible earthquake magnitude from this potential seismic source is up to 7 or 7.5. Therefore, this paper summarizes our recent studies in fault zone mapping of the Dangan Islands by field excursions, earthquake data analyses, and experimental and theoretical studies on three-dimensional surface cracking. In particular, the foci of a total of 26 small earthquakes within 150 km of Hong Kong recorded by the Hong Kong Observatory since 1998 are plotted three-dimensionally, and 3 potential fault zones are identified. Fault zones on Dangan Island are identified from our field excursions to the island, and a series of normal faults trending ESE and NE were found on the island. To examine the potential future faulting, specimens containing 3-D surface cracks are compressed to examine the cracking pattern. Shell and pedal cracks around the pre-existing three-dimensional surface crack were observed. Theoretical crack models and stress singularities at the intersection between the surface crack and the free surface are investigated. A new formula is proposed to estimate the wing crack length as a function of applied stress, crack inclination, Poisson’s ratio, and fracture toughness. The results of this study should lead to better understanding of future continental earthquakes occurring from surface faults.

Three-dimensional surface cracking and faulting in Dangan Islands Area, south of Hong Kong

Torsional poundings between two adjacent asymmetric structures

The Mechanism of Mn on the Enhanced Martensitic Transformation in Fe40mn40-Xco20crx High Entropy Alloys

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