Advances in Graphene-based Flexible and Wearable Strain Sensors

Conductive gels have received extensive attention in flexible electronics due to their diverse characteristics. The requirement for versatility and incompatibility of the conductive fillers with the hydrogel matrix remain a challenge for hydrogels. Herein, the cellulose nanofiber stabilized liquid metal droplets are utilized to initiate the polymerization and simultaneously serve as solid conductive fillers to construct the polyacrylamide/MXene/glycerol hydrogel with eligible stretchability (1000%) and high environmental adaptability (−25 to 80 °C) for multifunctional sensing. The hydrogel is utilized as a flexible electrode to construct the triboelectric nanogenerator for mechanical energy harvesting and conversion as well as self-powered sensing. Importantly, as a versatile sensor, it combines temperature sensing and deformation sensing with a wide range of stimulus responses and exceptional sensing performance. The flexible temperature and strain sensors are realized with superior thermosensitivity and strain sensitivity. In addition, the hydrogel exhibits favorable photothermal antibacterial ability. This work opens new avenues for the preparation of photothermal, conductive, stress and thermal sensitive hydrogels for multimodal sensors, sketching a promising future for them in flexible and wearable electronics. 

A stretchable, environmentally tolerant, and photoactive liquid metal/MXene hydrogel for high performance temperature monitoring, human motion detection and self-powered application

Interest in wearable and stretchable multifunctional sensors has grown rapidly in recent years. The sensing elements must accurately detect external stimuli to expand their applicability as sensors. However, the sensor's self-healing and adhesion to a target object have been major challenges in developing such practical and versatile devices. In this study, we prepared a hydrogel (LM-SA-PAA) composed of liquid metal (LM), sodium alginate (SA), and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) with ultrastretchable, excellent self-healing, self-adhesive, and high-sensitivity sensing capabilities that enable the conformal contact between the sensor and skin even during dynamic movements. The excellent self-healing performance of the hydrogel stems from its double cross-linked networks, including physical and chemical cross-linked networks. The physical cross-link formed by the ionic interaction between the carboxyl groups of PAA and gallium ions provide the hydrogel with reversible autonomous repair properties, whereas the covalent bond provides the hydrogel with a stable and strong chemical network. Alginate forms a microgel shell around LM nanoparticles via the coordination of its carboxyl groups with Ga ions. In addition to offering exceptional colloidal stability, the alginate shell has sufficient polar groups, ensuring that the hydrogel adheres to diverse substrates. Based on the efficient electrical pathway provided by the LM, the hydrogel exhibited strain sensitivity and enabled the detection of various human motions and electrocardiographic monitoring. The preparation method is simple and versatile and can be used for the low-cost fabrication of multifunctional sensors, which have broad application prospects in human-machine interface compatibility and medical monitoring.

Liquid Metal-Doped Conductive Hydrogel for Construction of Multifunctional Sensors.

A liquid metal/carbon nanotubes complex enabling ultra-fast polymerization of super-robust, stretchable adhesive hydrogels for highly sensitive sensor.

Due to the good biocompatibility and easy regulation of hydrogels, hydrogel-based flexible sensors have flourished in the fields of wearable electronics, electronic skin, and soft robotics in recent years. The...

Functional Conductive Hydrogel: From Performance to Flexible Sensors Applications

A Multifunctional Hydrogel Fabricated via Ultra-Fast Polymerization by Graphene Oxide-adsorbed Liquid Metal Nanodroplets

Structure-guided rational design of the Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius feruloyl esterase GthFAE to improve its thermostability.

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A Multifunctional Hydrogel Fabricated via Ultra-Fast Polymerization by Graphene Oxide-adsorbed Liquid Metal Nanodroplets

Structure-guided rational design of the Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius feruloyl esterase GthFAE to improve its thermostability.