Breast cancer has been identified as one of the main cancer-related deaths among women during some last decades. Recent advances in the introduction of novel potent anti-cancer therapeutics in association with early detection methods led to a decrease in the mortality rate of breast cancer. However, the scenario of breast cancer is yet going on and further improvements in the current anti-cancer therapeutic approaches are needed. Several factors are present in the tumor microenvironment which help to cancer progression and suppression of anti-tumor responses. Targeting these cancer-promoting factors in the tumor microenvironment has been suggested as a potent immunotherapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Among the various tumorsupporting factors, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) are proposed as a novel promising target for cancer therapy. These factors in association with cyclins play a key role in cell cycle progression. Dysregulation of CDKs which leads to increased cell proliferation has been identified in various cancers, such as breast cancer. Accordingly, the development and use of CDK-inhibitors have been associated with encouraging results in the treatment of breast cancer. However, it is unknown that the inhibition of which CDK is the most effective strategy for breast cancer therapy. Since the selective blockage of CDK1 alone or in combination with other therapeutics has been associated with potent anti-cancer outcomes, it is suggested that CDK1 may be considered as the best CDK target for breast cancer therapy. In this review, we will discuss the role of CDK1 in breast cancer progression and treatment.

CDK1 in Breast Cancer: Implications for Theranostic Potential.

Introduction
Menopausal hormone therapy has been reported to increase the risk of certain subtypes of breast cancer and to be associated with a favorable survival. These associations could either be due to an increased mammographic surveillance or to a biological effect. We assessed these associations in a Swedish cohort of postmenopausal breast cancer patients holding information on mammographic examinations, menopausal hormone therapy use, other breast cancer risk factors, and cancer treatment.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fbcr2145.pdf

Menopausal hormone therapy in relation to breast cancer characteristics and prognosis: a cohort study.

A retrospective analysis of the relation between the presence of casting-type calcifications on the mammogram and the prognosis of breast cancer was performed. The mammographic tumor features and other characteristics (invasive tumor size, histological tumor type, grade, nodal, hormone receptor and HER2 status, presence of lymphovascular invasion) of 55 high-risk breast cancers were studied. After a median follow-up time of 29.1 months, the median relapse-free survival and overall survival times among breast cancer patients with tumors associated with casting calcifications were 26.6 and 29.6 months, respectively. The corresponding parameters among patients with tumors not accompanied by casting calcifications were 54.4 and >58.5 months, respectively. Significant associations were found between the presence of casting calcifications and the risks of relapse (HR = 3.048, 95% CI: 1.116–8.323, p = 0.030) or death (HR = 3.504, 95% CI: 1.074–11.427, p = 0.038). Positive associations were found between casting ...

/pdf/casting-type-calcifications-on-the-mammogram-suggest-a-3aykcufa0g.pdf

Casting-type calcifications on the mammogram suggest a higher probability of early relapse and death among high-risk breast cancer patients.

There is a clear association between the development of breast cancer and increasing age, with 80% of cancers occurring in women more than 50 years of age and one-third in women over 70 years. Following the menopause the breast undergoes involution, with the main changes affecting the terminal ductal lobular unit. There is an increase in oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive cells, a decrease in proliferation but, in comparison to premenopausal breasts, a greater number of ERα-proliferating cells. The breast cancers that occur in women ≥ 75 years are more likely to be ER-positive, with a low growth rate and limited expression of HER-2 and p53. It is proposed that uneven involution of the breast, the persistence of at-risk lesions, the presence of ERα-proliferating cells and local oestrogen metabolism in breast adipose tissue are factors in the development of breast cancers with a well-differentiated phenotype. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aged breast.

Characteristics of HER2-positive breast cancer diagnosed following the introduction of universal HER2 testing

Histopathologic features of breast cancer such as tumour size, grade and axillary lymph node (LN) status variably reflect tumour biology and time. Recent evidence suggests that the biological character of breast cancer is established at an early stage and has a major impact on clinical course. The aim of this study was to distinguish the impact of biology on breast cancer histopathology by comparing features of breast cancers diagnosed following population mammographic screening with prevalent vs incident detection and screening interval. Central histopathology review data from 1147 cases of ductal in situ and/or invasive breast cancer were examined. Size, grade and LN status of invasive cancers were positively correlated (P<0.001). Prevalent invasive cancers were larger (P<0.001) and more likely to be LN positive (P=0.02) than incident cases, but grade was not associated with screening episode (P=0.7). Screening interval for incident cancers was positively associated with invasive cancer size (P=0.05) and LN status (P=0.002) but not grade (P=0.1). Together, these data indicate that biology and time both impact on size and LN status of invasive breast cancer, but grade reflects biology alone. In view of the clinical importance of breast cancer biology, grade as its most direct indicator assumes particular significance.

/pdf/histopathologic-indicators-of-breast-cancer-biology-insights-4sopyy512q.pdf

Histopathologic indicators of breast cancer biology: insights from population mammographic screening

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Histopathologic indicators of breast cancer biology: insights from population mammographic screening