Maternal vitamin d intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing

Ranking and/or classifying foods based on their nutrient composition is known as nutrient profiling. Nutrition quality indices need to be tested and validated against quality of the total diet. A family of nutrient-rich foods (NRF) indices were validated against the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), an accepted measure of diet quality. All foods consumed by participants in NHANES 1999-2002 studies were scored using NRFn.3 (where n = 6-15) indices based on unweighted sums, means, and ratios of percent daily values (DV) for nutrients to encourage (n) and for nutrients to limit (LIM) (3). Individual food scores were calculated based on 100 kcal (418 kJ) and FDA serving sizes [reference amounts customarily consumed (RACC)]. Energy-weighted food-based scores per person were then regressed against HEI, adjusting for gender, age, and ethnicity. The measure of index performance was the percentage of variation in HEI (R2) explained by each NRF score. NRF indices based on both nutrients to encourage and LIM performed better than indices based on LIM only. Maximum variance in HEI was explained using 6 or 9 nutrients to encourage; index performance actually declined with the inclusion of additional vitamins and minerals. NRF indices based on 100 kcal (418 kJ) performed similarly to indices based on RACC. Algorithms based on sums or means of nutrient DV performed better than ratio-based scores. The NRF9.3 index, based on 9 nutrients to encourage and 3 LIM per RACC and per 100 kcal, explained the highest percentage of variation from HEI and could be readily expected to rank foods based on nutrient density.

Development and Validation of the Nutrient-Rich Foods Index: A Tool to Measure Nutritional Quality of Foods

Dietary composition has been shown to influence metabolism and to impact on the prevalence and risk for certain diseases, but hitherto, there have been no systematic studies on the effects of dietary modulation of human metabolic phenotype (metabotype). Here, we have applied 1 H NMR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate statistical analysis to characterize the effects of three diets: “vegetarian”, “low meat”, and “high meat” on the metabotype signature of human participants. Twelve healthy male participants (age range of 25-74 years) consumed each of these diets, in a randomized order, for continuous 15-day-periods with an intervening washout period between each diet of 7 days duration. Each participant provided three consecutive 24-hour urine collections on days 13, 14, and 15 of each dietary period, and 1 H NMR spectra were acquired on all samples. Pattern recognition analysis allowed differentiation of the characteristic metabolic signatures of the diets with creatine, carnitine, acetylcarnitine, and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) being elevated in the high-meat consumption period. Application of orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (O-PLS-DA) allowed the low-meat diet and vegetarian diet signatures to be characterized, and p-hydroxyphenylacetate (a microbial mammalian cometabolite) was higher in the vegetarian than meat diet samples, signaling an alteration of the bacterial composition or metabolism in response to diet. This work shows the potential for the routine use of metabonomics in nutritional and epidemiological studies, in characterizing and predicting the metabolic effects and the influence of diet on human metabotypes.

Susceptibility of human metabolic phenotypes to dietary modulation.

Deposition of fat in the fetus increases exponentially with gestational age, reaching its maximal rate—around 7 g/day or 90% of energy deposition—at term. In late pregnancy, many women consuming contemporary Western diets may not be able to meet the fetal demand for n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) from the diet alone. Numerous mechanisms have evolved to protect human offspring from extreme variation or deficiency in the maternal diet during pregnancy. Maternal adipose tissue is an important source of LCPUFA. Temporal changes in placental function are synchronized with maternal metabolic and physiological changes to ensure a continuous supply of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA-enriched fat to the fetus. LCPUFA storage in fetal adipose tissue provides an important source of LCPUFA during the critical first months of postnatal life. An appreciation of these adaptations is important in any nutritional strategy designed to improve the availability of fatty acids to the fetus.

Fatty Acid Supply to the Human Fetus

Background We have previously reported 
associations between maternal vitamin E, vitamin D and 
zinc intakes during pregnancy and asthma, wheeze and 
eczema in 5-year-old children In this report we 
investigate whether maternal intake of specific foods 
during pregnancy is associated with asthma, and allergic 
outcomes in the same children
 Methods A longitudinal birth cohort study was 
conducted among 1924 children born to women recruited 
during pregnancy Maternal diet during pregnancy was 
assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) Cohort 
children were followed up at 5 years by symptom 
questionnaire and FFQ Food groups of interest were 
fruit, vegetables, fruit juice, whole grain products, 
fish, dairy products and fat spreads Trends across 
outcome groups defined by level of food intake are 
presented
 Results 1253 children participated at 5 years, 
maternal FFQ data were available for 1212 No consistent 
associations were found between childhood outcomes and 
maternal intake of the analysed foods, except for apples 
and fish Maternal apple intake was beneficially 
associated with ever wheeze (OR highest vs lowest 
tertile 063; 95% CI 042-095), ever asthma (OR 054; 
032-092) and doctor-confirmed asthma (OR 047; 027-
082) in the children Maternal fish consumption was 
beneficially associated with doctor-confirmed eczema (OR 
≥1/week vs never 057; 035-092) Conclusion There was no evidence for associations 
between maternal intake of most foods during pregnancy, 
and asthma, respiratory and allergic outcomes in 5-year-
old children, except for apples and fish Consumption of 
apples and fish during pregnancy may have a protective 
effect against the development of childhood asthma and 
allergic disease

https://thorax.bmj.com/content/thoraxjnl/early/2007/03/27/thx.2006.074187.full.pdf

Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5‐year‐old children

Objective To compare different statistical methods for assessing the relative validity of a self-administered, 150-item, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 4-day weighed diet records (WR). Design Subjects completed the Scottish Collaborative Group FFQ and carried out a 4-day WR. Relative agreement between the FFQ and WR for energy-adjusted nutrient intakes was assessed by Pearson and Spearman rank correlation coefficients, the percentages of subjects classified into the same and opposite thirds of intake, and Cohen's weighted kappa. Subjects Forty-one men, mean age 36 (range 21-56) years, and 40 women, mean age 33 (range 19-58) years, recruited from different locations in Aberdeen, Scotland. Results Spearman correlation coefficients tended to be lower than Pearson correlation coefficients, and were above 0.5 for 10 of the 27 nutrients in men and 17 of the 27 nutrients in women. For nutrients with Spearman correlation coefficients above 0.5, the percentage of subjects correctly classified into thirds ranged from 39 to 78%, and weighted kappa values ranged from 0.23 to 0.66. Conclusions Both Spearman correlation coefficients and weighted kappa values are useful in assessing the relative validity of estimates of nutrient intake by FFQs. Spearman correlation coefficients above 0.5, more than 50% of subjects correctly classified and less than 10% of subjects grossly misclassified into thirds, and weighted kappa values above 0.4 are recommended for nutrients of interest in epidemiological studies.

/pdf/statistical-approaches-for-assessing-the-relative-validity-4gzxlksfi7.pdf

Statistical approaches for assessing the relative validity of a food-frequency questionnaire: use of correlation coefficients and the kappa statistic

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Statistical approaches for assessing the relative validity of a food-frequency questionnaire: use of correlation coefficients and the kappa statistic