Objective. National health guidelines advocate increased physical activity in children and ad- olescents, but specific goals are not being achieved. Data are needed on variables that influence children's deci- sion to be active or sedentary. Methods. We tested the association of weight criti- cism during physical activity (WCA) with attitudes to- ward physical activity and reported physical activity lev- els in children. We also tested whether these associations were moderated by children's ability to cope with weight criticism. Subjects were 576 fifth- through eighth-graders who completed a questionnaire on physical activity pat- terns, weight criticism history, and coping skills. Results. WCA was more common among girls than boys and among heavier children. In multiple regression analyses, WCA was associated with reduced sports en- joyment, perceived activity compared with peers, and mild-intensity leisure activity. These associations, how- ever, were moderated by problem-focused coping skills such that the relationships were attenuated in children who were better able to cope with weight criticism. Avoidant coping skills also moderated the relationship between WCA and sports enjoyment. Conclusions. Children who are the targets of weight criticism by family and peers have negative attitudes toward sports and report reduced physical activity levels, although these relationships may be buffered by certain coping skills. Assessing WCA and related coping skills may be clinically useful for identifying barriers to phys- ical activity in certain children (eg, the obese) and may be a potential target for interventions. Pediatrics 2002;110(2). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/110/2/ e23; physical activity, children, obesity, teasing, coping skills.

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/110/2/e23.full.pdf

Weight criticism during physical activity, coping skills, and reported physical activity in children.

This study compared the efficacy of two low-cost interventions for physical activity adoption. Sedentary (N=194) adults recruited through newspaper advertisements were randomized to receive either a motivationally-matched, individually-tailored intervention (IT) or a standard self-help intervention (ST). Assessments and interventions were delivered by repeated mailings at baseline, one, three, and six months. Participants were assessed regarding current physical activity behavior, motivational readiness to adopt regular physical activity, and psychological constructs associated with physical activity participation (e.g. self-efficacy, decisional balance). Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed significant increases in physical activity participation between baseline and six months for both groups with a significantly greater increase among IT participants. The IT group outperformed the ST group on all primary outcome measures: (a) minutes of physical activity per week, (b) reaching Centers for Disease Control and American College of Sports Medicine (CDC/ACSM) recommended minimum physical activity criteria, and (c) achieving the Action stage of motivational readiness for physical activity adoption. Both groups showed significant improvement between baseline and six months on the psychological constructs associated with physical activity adoption (e.g. self-efficacy), with no significant differences observed between the treatment groups. Utilizing computer expert systems and self-help manuals to provide individually-tailored, motivationally-matched interventions appears to be an effective, low-cost approach for enhancing physical activity participation in the community.

Efficacy of an individualized, motivationally-tailored physical activity intervention

This study examined predictors of exercise maintenance following completion of a physical activity intervention. Sedentary adults recruited through newspaper advertisements were randomly assigned to receive either (a) a motivation-matched intervention with feedback reports that were individually tailored (IT) to psychological variables from social cognitive theory and the Transtheoretical Model via computer expert system, or (b) a standard, print-based intervention (ST). The intervention phase of the study included mailed assessments and intervention materials at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months. An assessment-only follow-up was conducted 6 months after the end of the intervention (Month 12). Participants were assessed for current physical activity participation, motivational readiness for physical activity, a number of psychological constructs posited to influence participation in physical activity (e.g., self-efficacy), and current affect. Significantly more participants in the IT condition met or exceeded exercise participation goals at the end of the intervention period and maintained this level of physical activity through the Month 12 follow-up compared to ST participants. Prospective analyses revealed significant differences in several psychological constructs both at program entry (baseline) and the end of the intervention period between individuals who maintained their physical activity participation through Month 12 and those who did not. Results suggest that the maintenance of physical activity following the end of an active intervention program may be influenced by attitudes and behaviors acquired along with increased participation in physical activity, as well as by preexisting characteristics that individuals bring into treatment.

Maintenance of physical activity following an individualized motivationally tailored intervention

Effect of body mass index on early outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.

This review focuses on three preserved, ancient, biological mechanisms (physical activity, insulin sensitivity, and fat storage). Genes in humans and rodents were selected in an environment of high physical activity that favored an optimization of aerobic metabolic pathways to conserve energy for a potential, future food deficiency. Today machines and other technologies have replaced much of the physical activity that selected optimal gene expression for energy metabolism. Distressingly, the negative by-product of a lack of ancient physical activity levels in our modern civilization is an increased risk of chronic disease. We have been employing a rodent wheel-lock model to approximate the reduction in physical activity in humans from the level under which genes were selected to a lower level observed in modern daily functioning. Thus far, two major changes have been identified when rats undertaking daily, natural voluntary running on wheels experience an abrupt cessation of the running (wheel lock model). First, insulin sensitivity in the epitrochlearis muscle of rats falls to sedentary values after 2 days of the cessation of running, confirming the decline to sedentary values in whole-body insulin sensitivity when physically active humans stop high levels of daily exercise. Second, visceral fat increases within 1 week after rats cease daily running, confirming the plasticity of human visceral fat. This review focuses on the supporting data for the aforementioned two outcomes. Our primary goal is to better understand how a physically inactive lifestyle initiates maladaptations that cause chronic disease.

Reduced physical activity and risk of chronic disease: the biology behind the consequences.

/pdf/physical-inactivity-workshop-v-aha-prevention-conference-iii-54e8xxg6lb.pdf

Physical inactivity. Workshop V. AHA Prevention Conference III. Behavior change and compliance: keys to improving cardiovascular health.

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Physical inactivity. Workshop V. AHA Prevention Conference III. Behavior change and compliance: keys to improving cardiovascular health.