In the tropics, animal production is compromised by the lack of suitable forage for the animals. As a further constraint, low-fertility, acid soils are prevalent in areas where many small and medium size farmers are dependent upon livestock agriculture as their main source of income. This prevents the incorporation of high quality forage legumes (i.e Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium) into those grazing systems, as these legumes do not perform very well under those conditions. In turn, most of the tropical forage legumes with good adaptation to acidic soils are of low quality and poor acceptability by livestock, which might be associated with their high contents of condensed tannins. However, research on the impact of condensed tannins upon the nutritional value of forage has not provided unequivocal results. This could be related to the variation in structure (molecular weight and monomeric composition) observed among condensed tannins from different legumes. This study investigated the impact of condensed tannins from different tropical legumes on the degradation of different substrates by rumen microorganisms and/or their enzymes under the scope of structure-activity relationships. In an initial experiment, the chemical composition and in vitro degradability of immature and mature forage of seven tropical legumes (Calliandra calothyrsus, Clitoria fairchildiana, Desmodium ovalifolium, Flemingia macrophylla, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena macrophylla and Leucaena pallida) were determined. Chemical composition varied greatly among the different samples. In turn, gas pool after 144 h of fermentation ranged from 66 to 140 ml and in vitro degradability ranged from 230 to 630 g kg of dry matter. The concentration of condensed tannins was associated with a decrease in the initial rate, but not with the extent, of dry matter degradation. In particular, the concentration of condensed tannins had significant negative relationship with the maximum rate of gas production observed during the fermentation of these samples (p ≤ 0.0011). Results from this experiment suggested that condensed tannins differ in nutritional effects and that factors other than condensed tannins affected the in vitro degradation of the legumes studied. In a second set of experiments, condensed tannins purified from all tanniniferous legumes differed in molecular weight, (number-average molecular weight = 2360 to 4880 dalton). Condensed tannins also differed in monomeric composition, with some

Condensed tannins in tropical forage legumes : Their characterisation and study of their nutritional impact from the standpoint of structure-activity relationships. Thesis (Ph.D.)

/pdf/isolation-and-characterisation-of-tannin-resistant-bacteria-3nvci118sx.pdf

Isolation and characterisation of tannin-resistant bacteria from the rumen of feral goats and camels.

Legume tissue quality is a key factor for enhancement of feed resources and contribution to soil fertility in mixed crop-livestock production systems. To compare methods used by soil scientists and animal-nutritionists to assess quality of plant materials, three woody tropical legumes with contrasting qualities were used: Indigofera zollingeriana Miq. (Indigofera), Cratylia argentea Benth. (Cratylia) and Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.) Stan. var. calothyrsus (Meiss.) Barn. CIAT 20400 (Calliandra). Plant material of each legume was used either fresh, freeze-dried, frozen, oven-dried (60 °C) or air-dried in order to estimate extents and rates of aerobic degradation in litterbags on the soil during 140 days and anaerobic degradation in an in-vitro gas production experiment during 144 h. Results showed, that aerobic decomposition rates of leaf tissues were highest for Indigofera (k = 0.013 day−1), followed by Cratylia (k = 0.004 day−1) and Calliandra (k = 0.002 day−1). Gas production rates evaluated under anaerobic conditions, were highest for Indigofera (k = 0.086 h−1), intermediate for Cratylia (k = 0.062 h−1) and lowest for Calliandra (k = 0.025 h−1). Decomposition and gas production rates differed (P 0.05). The extent of decomposition was highest for Indigofera (82.5%, w/w), followed by Cratylia (44.6%) and Calliandra (26.4%). The extent of gas production was highest for Indigofera (218.8 ml), followed by Cratylia (170.1ml) and Calliandra (80.1 ml). Extent of decomposition and extent of gas production were significantly different (P 0.80, P < 0.001) to IVDMD and gas production (r = 0.53, P < 0.001). These results indicate that plant measurements (IADF, IVDMD and gas production) used to assess forage quality in animal nutrition studies are more rapid and resource saving predictors for aerobic decomposition of tropical legumes than initial plant quality ratios (lignin+polyphenols/N and lignin+total condensed tannins/N) commonly used by many researchers. Furthermore, this study confirms the potential usefulness of IVDMD for screening tropical legumes for soil fertility management.

Effects of sample post harvest treatment on aerobic decomposition and anaerobic in-vitro digestion of tropical legumes with contrasting quality

Saponin rich tropical fruits affect fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid

The decomposition and nutrient release of 12 plant materials were assessed in a 20-week litterbag field study in hillsides from Cauca, Colombia. Leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (TTH) and Indigofera constricta (IND) decomposed quickly (k=0.035±0.002 d−1), while those of Cratylia argentea (CRA) and the stems evaluated decomposed slowly (k=0.007±0.002 d−1). Potassium presented the highest release rates (k>0.085 d−1). Rates of N and P release were high for all leaf materials evaluated (k>0.028 d−1) with the exception of CRA (N and P), TTH and IND (P). While Mg release rates ranged from 0.013 to 0.122 d−1, Ca release was generally slower (k=0.008–0.041 d−1). Initial quality parameters that best correlated with decomposition (P>0.001) were neutral detergent fibre, NDF (r=−0.96) and in vitro dry matter digestibility, IVDMD (r=0.87). It is argued that NDF or IVDMD could be useful lab-based tests during screening of plant materials as green manures. Significant correlations (P>0.05) were also found for initial quality parameters and nutrient release, being most important the lignin/N ratio (r=−0.71) and (lignin+polyphenol)/N ratios (r=−0.70) for N release, the C/N (r=0.70) and N/P ratios (r=−0.66) for P release, the hemicellulose content (r=−0.75) for K release, the Ca content (r=0.82) for Ca release, and the C/P ratio (r=0.65) for Mg release. After 20 weeks, the leaves of Mucuna deerengianum released the highest amounts of N and P (144.5 and 11.4 kg ha−1, respectively), while TTH released the highest amounts of K, Ca and Mg (129.3, 112.6 and 25.9 kg ha−1, respectively). These results show the potential of some plant materials studied as sources of nutrients in tropical hillside agroecosystems.

Decomposition and nutrient release by green manures in a tropical hillside agroecosystem

Section 7: Forage nutritive value and ingestibility. Determination of condensed tannins in tropical legume forages [proanthocyanidins]

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Section 7: Forage nutritive value and ingestibility. Determination of condensed tannins in tropical legume forages [proanthocyanidins]