Efficacy of Chlorine and a Peroxyacetic Acid Sanitizer in Killing Listeria monocytogenes on Iceberg and Romaine Lettuce Using Simulated Commercial Processing Conditions

We introduce Version 2 of our widely used 1-km Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps for historical and future climate conditions. The historical maps (encompassing 1901-1930, 1931-1960, 1961-1990, and 1991-2020) are based on high-resolution, observation-based climatologies, while the future maps (encompassing 2041-2070 and 2071-2099) are based on downscaled and bias-corrected climate projections for seven shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs). We evaluated 67 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and kept a subset of 42 with the most plausible CO2-induced warming rates. We estimate that from 1901-1930 to 1991-2020, approximately 5% of the global land surface (excluding Antarctica) transitioned to a different major Köppen-Geiger class. Furthermore, we project that from 1991-2020 to 2071-2099, 5% of the land surface will transition to a different major class under the low-emissions SSP1-2.6 scenario, 8% under the middle-of-the-road SSP2-4.5 scenario, and 13% under the high-emissions SSP5-8.5 scenario. The Köppen-Geiger maps, along with associated confidence estimates, underlying monthly air temperature and precipitation data, and sensitivity metrics for the CMIP6 models, can be accessed at www.gloh2o.org/koppen . 

High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections

Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on shredded, ready-to-eat iceberg lettuce

For many biologists, statistics are an anathema; but statistical analysis of quantitative and qualitative data is of considerable importance. Although spreadsheet software provides a diverse range of statistical tools, users are often unsure which technique should be used. This book provides the basic statistical theory and practice to understand the types of tests frequently needed for the assessment of microbiological data. No prior knowledge of statistical techniques is required. Even when data can be given to a professional statistician for analysis, the microbiologist needs to have at least a general understanding of the underlying basis of statistical procedures in order to communicate effectively with the statistician. The book contains many worked examples to illustrate the use of the techniques and provides a plethora of references both to standard statistical works and to relevant original scientific papers on food microbiology. * Basil Jarvis has had many years of experience in academic, research and industrial food microbiology and is a Past President of the Society for Applied Microbiology. He has published several edited books and more than 200 scientific articles concerned with food microbiology. * NEW to this edition - chapters on Measurement Uncertainty in Microbiology, Statistical Process Control, Food Safety Objectives, Risk Assessment and Microbiological Criteria and a chapter on Validation of Microbiological Methods by Dr Sharon Brunelle, AOAC consultant. * Includes additional figures and tables together with many worked examples to illustrate the use of specific procedures in the analysis of data obtained in the microbiological examination of foods.

Statistical aspects of the microbiological examination of foods

Summary report q Food safety objectives—role in microbiological food safety management

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change implies that fast-feedback equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is 1.2 +/- 0.3{\deg}C (2$\sigma$) per W/m$^2$. Consistent analysis of temperature over the full Cenozoic era -- including"slow"feedbacks by ice sheets and trace gases -- supports this ECS and implies that CO$_2$ was about 300 ppm in the Pliocene and 400 ppm at transition to a nearly ice-free planet, thus exposing unrealistic lethargy of ice sheet models. Equilibrium global warming including slow feedbacks for today's human-made greenhouse gas (GHG) climate forcing (4.1 W/m$^2$) is 10{\deg}C, reduced to 8{\deg}C by today's aerosols. Decline of aerosol emissions since 2010 should increase the 1970-2010 global warming rate of 0.18{\deg}C per decade to a post-2010 rate of at least 0.27{\deg}C per decade. Under the current geopolitical approach to GHG emissions, global warming will likely pierce the 1.5{\deg}C ceiling in the 2020s and 2{\deg}C before 2050. Impacts on people and nature will accelerate as global warming pumps up hydrologic extremes. The enormity of consequences demands a return to Holocene-level global temperature. Required actions include: 1) a global increasing price on GHG emissions, 2) East-West cooperation in a way that accommodates developing world needs, and 3) intervention with Earth's radiation imbalance to phase down today's massive human-made"geo-transformation"of Earth's climate. These changes will not happen with the current geopolitical approach, but current political crises present an opportunity for reset, especially if young people can grasp their situation.

pdf/global-warming-in-the-pipeline-1cteqdkr.pdf

Global warming in the pipeline

Assessment of Control Measures To Achieve a Food Safety Objective of Less than 100 CFU of Listeria monocytogenes per Gram at the Point of Consumption for Fresh Precut Iceberg Lettuce

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Global warming in the pipeline

Assessment of Control Measures To Achieve a Food Safety Objective of Less than 100 CFU of Listeria monocytogenes per Gram at the Point of Consumption for Fresh Precut Iceberg Lettuce