The fact that variation occurs in viruses has been appreciated in the East for many centuries in connection with variolation, while the production by Paste ur of a variant of the rabiesviruswas accomplished more than fifty years ago.

Variation in Viruses

Variation in Animal Viruses. A Review.

Publisher Summary
The major focus of this chapter is the naturally occurring viral diseases of rabbits and hares. The viral diseases of rabbits are discussed in an order based on the taxonomic groups to which the viruses belong and are independent of the order of importance of the various diseases. The material is presented under uniform subject headings, including history, etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis, and control. Control is interpreted broadly and includes both prevention and eradication. Some viral infections of rabbits have provided fundamental information on basic mechanisms of agent–host interrelationships, e.g., Myxoma virus, and others have been useful as models for human diseases, e.g., Rotavirus. The principal emphasis is on virus infections of domestic rabbits of the genus Oryctolagus. Naturally occurring and experimental infections of other rabbits and hares are also discussed in this chapter. Incoming rabbits are obtained from sources free of infections but appropriate quarantine and screening measures are standard operating procedures. None of the viral infections of rabbits is known to be of public health importance as there are no reports of the definitive spread of viruses from rabbits to humans.

Chapter 14 – Viral Diseases

Publisher Summary
This chapter focuses on the naturally occurring viral diseases of rabbits. Poxviruses cause several important diseases in domestic and wild mammals and birds. Infection with poxviruses usually results in relatively mild disease involving the skin of the infected animals, however, generalized and often fatal disease may also occur, for example, in myxomatosis in rabbits. Close antigenic relationships exist among many poxviruses derived from different animal species. In spite of close antigenic relationships, the poxviruses of rabbits that produce distinct disease syndromes are discussed as separate entities. Virus of the genus Papillomavirus cause papillomas in various animal species and includes two rabbit viruses, the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus and the rabbit oral papillomavirus. The genus Polyomavirus contains one virus of rabbits, the rabbit kidney vacuolating virus. Papillomatosis of wild cottontail rabbits is characterized by the presence of horny warts, usually on the neck, shoulders, or abdomen. The warts begin as red raised areas at the site of infection, grow to become typical papillomas with rough rounded surfaces, and may later develop into large, keratinized horny growths. The rabbit kidney vacuolating virus was isolated in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures from papillomas of cottontail rabbits collected in Kansas. This virus causes vacuolar cytopathic effects in cell cultures. The virus resembles the cottontail rabbit (Shope) papil lomavirus but is a distinct virus. It does not produce papillomas when inoculated into rabbits and does not immunize rabbits against rabbit papillomavirus.

CHAPTER 9 – Viral Diseases*

An epizootic of rabbit pox among laboratory rabbits is described. The animals were probably infected by neurovaccinia used in laboratory experiments. The disease appeared after intracerebral inoculation of cerebrospinal fluid from patients suffering from various disorders of the central nervous system, which indicates, that non-specific stimuli may give rise to a clinical manifestation of a latent infection, evidence of which was obtained experimentally. The virus isolated possessed the pathogenic and immunologic properties of neurovaccinia virus.

Manifestation of a laboratory epizootic of rabbit pox by non-specific stimuli.

Experimental transmission of the spontaneous rabbit-pox discussed in the preceding communication 1 was attempted early in the course of the pandemic. Since the result of bacteriological examinations together with the clinical picture of the condition made it appear unlikely that we were dealing with any of the usual bacterial agents, the initial experiments were carried out with Berkefeld “V” filtrates of various organs and tissues from rabbits showing well marked symptoms of the disease. In other experiments, unfiltered suspensions were used. The organs employed included: testicle, liver, spleen, lung, popliteal lymph nodes, brain, spinal cord, blood, and skin. Injections were made into the testicles of rabbits procured from outside sources. The results of the first experiments were positive in that an orchitis and scrotal edema were pronounced within 48 hours, fever developed (105°-107°), the animals appeared ill, frequently a diarrhea was present, and death occurred in from 4 to 8 days. This condition has been produced successively from rabbit to rabbit by means of filtered material (usually testicle) and the agent is now in the fifteenth serial passage. Other routes of inoculation have also been successfully employed, namely, intracutaneous, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracerebral, and nasal and conjunctival instillation. By using small doses and certain routes of inoculation, it has been possible to reproduce all the clinical and pathological features of the spontaneous disease including the characteristic pock eruption of the skin and mucous membranes. In addition, complete recovery has occurred in these circumstances. The agent is active in tissue stored in 50% glycerol at ice box temperature for at least 94 days. Unfiltered material is much more potent than that filtered through a Berkefeld “V” candle but an “N” filtrate is also active.

Experimental Transmission of Rabbit-Pox by a Filterable Virus

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Experimental Transmission of Rabbit-Pox by a Filterable Virus