This document presents the concept and physics case for a magnetized gaseous argon-based detector system (ND-GAr) for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector. This detector system is required in order for DUNE to reach its full physics potential in the measurement of CP violation and in delivering precision measurements of oscillation parameters. In addition to its critical role in the long-baseline oscillation program, ND-GAr will extend the overall physics program of DUNE. The LBNF high-intensity proton beam will provide a large flux of neutrinos that is sampled by ND-GAr, enabling DUNE to discover new particles and search for new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard Model. 

A Gaseous Argon-Based Near Detector to Enhance the Physics Capabilities of DUNE

The idea of implementing electroluminescence-based amplification through transparent multi-hole structures (FAT-GEMs) has been entertained for some time. Arguably, for such a technology to be attractive it should perform at least at a level comparable to conventional alternatives based on wires or meshes. We present now a detailed calorimetric study carried out for 5.9 keV X-rays in xenon, for pressures ranging from 2 to 10 bar, resorting to different geometries, production and post-processing techniques. At a reference voltage 5 times above the electroluminescence threshold (EEL,th ∼ 0.7 kV/cm/bar), the number of photoelectrons measured for the best structure was found to be just 18% below that obtained for a double-mesh with the same thickness and at the same distance. The energy resolution stayed within 10% (relative) of the double-mesh value. An innovative characteristic of the structure is that vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) transparency of the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrate was achieved, effectively, through tetraphenylbutadiene (TPB) coating of the electroluminescence channels combined with indium tin oxide (ITO) coating of the electrodes. This resulted in a × 2.25-increased optical yield (compared to the bare structure), that was found to be in good agreement with simulations if assuming a TPB wavelength-shifting-efficiency at the level of WLSE=0.74–1.28, compatible with expected values. This result, combined with the stability demonstrated for the TPB coating under electric field (over 20 h of continuous operation), shows great potential to revolutionize electroluminescence-based instrumentation.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdest.2024.1373235/pdf?isPublishedV2=False

FAT-GEMs: (field assisted) transparent gaseous-electroluminescence multipliers

Several batches of nanoparticles of gadolinium oxide Gd2O3 were obtained by the electrophysical spark discharge (ESD) method using selected variations of the value of the energy supplied to the discharge gap. The change of the charge voltage led to a change in the energy supplied to the discharge gap in the range of 3 J to 55 J. The average size of spark discharge nanoparticles in all cases was close to 8 nm in accordance with low-temperature nitrogen adsorption data. Gd2O3 nanoparticles contained two crystalline phases (cubic and monoclinic), the amount of which varied within certain limits by changing the parameters of the spark discharge. The obtained maximum values of the magnetic entropy change ΔSM of the studied ESD Gd2O3 nanoparticles with a monoclinic phase content of less than 40 wt% are not inferior to the value of ΔSM of Gd2O3 nanoparticles obtained by chemical methods. The spark discharge technique seems to be a promising technology for manufacturing of gadolinium oxide nanoparticles applications for the magnetic cooling systems of cryogenic refrigeration. 

Gd2O3 nanoparticles prepared by spark discharge method: Structure and magnetocaloric properties

: ND-GAr is one of three detector systems in the design of the DUNE Near Detector complex, which will be located on the Fermilab campus, sixty meters underground and 570 m from the source of an intense neutrino beam. ND-GAr will consist of a cylindrical 10-bar gaseous Argon Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and a surrounding sampling electromagnetic calorimeter embedded within a superconducting solenoid, the cryostat and yoke for which together serve as the pressure vessel. While various options for the speciﬁc conﬁguration of ND-GAr are being explored, essential design work for the detector has moved forward in recent months. This document describes basic mechanical, electrostatic, and gas ﬂow design features of the ND-GAr TPC and presents results of electrostatic simulations of the interior of the pressure vessel for both single and dual-anode arrangements. Simulations are implemented with the Elmer ﬁnite-element software suite and related programs.

/pdf/electrostatic-simulations-for-the-dune-nd-gar-field-cage-11sgfd0r.pdf

Electrostatic Simulations for the DUNE ND-GAr Field Cage

NEXT-100 is currently being constructed at the Laboratorio Subterr\'aneo de Canfranc in the Spanish Pyrenees and will search for neutrinoless double beta decay using a high-pressure gaseous time projection chamber (TPC) with 100 kg of xenon. Charge amplification is carried out via electroluminescence (EL) which is the process of accelerating electrons in a high electric field region causing secondary scintillation of the medium proportional to the initial charge. The NEXT-100 EL and cathode regions are made from tensioned hexagonal meshes of 1 m diameter. This paper describes the design, characterization, and installation of these parts for NEXT-100. Simulations of the electric field are performed to model the drift and amplification of ionization electrons produced in the detector under various EL region alignments and rotations. Measurements of the electrostatic breakdown voltage in air characterize performance under high voltage conditions and identify breakdown points. The electrostatic deflection of the mesh is quantified and fit to a first-principles mechanical model. Measurements were performed with both a standalone test EL region and with the NEXT-100 EL region before its installation in the detector. Finally, we describe the parts as installed in NEXT-100, following their deployment in Summer 2023. 

Design, characterization and installation of the NEXT-100 cathode and electroluminescence regions

Dielectric breakdown strength is one of the critical performance metrics for gases and mixtures used in large, high pressure gas time projection chambers. In this paper we experimentally study dielectric breakdown strengths of several important time projection chamber working gases and gas-phase insulators over the pressure range 100 mbar to 10 bar, and gap sizes ranging from 0.1to 10 mm. Gases characterized include argon, xenon, CO2, CF4, and mixtures 90-10 argon-CH4,90-10 argon-CO2and 99-1 argon-CF4. We develop a theoretical model for high voltage breakdown based on microphysical simulations that use PyBoltz electron swarm Monte Carlo results as input to Townsend- and Meek-like discharge criteria. This model is shown to be highly predictive at high pressure, out-performing traditional Paschen-Townsend and Meek-Raether models significantly. At lower pressure-times-distance, the Townsend-like model is an excellent description for noble gases whereas the Meek-like model provides a highly accurate prediction for insulating gases.

Dielectric Strength of Noble and Quenched Gases for High Pressure Time Projection Chambers

Dielectric breakdown strength is one of the critical performance metrics for gases and mixtures used in large, high pressure gas time projection chambers. In this paper we experimentally study dielectric breakdown strengths of several important time projection chamber working gases and gas-phase insulators over the pressure range 100 mbar to 10 bar, and gap sizes ranging from 0.1to 10 mm. Gases characterized include argon, xenon, CO2, CF4, and mixtures 90-10 argon-CH4,90-10 argon-CO2and 99-1 argon-CF4. We develop a theoretical model for high voltage breakdown based on microphysical simulations that use PyBoltz electron swarm Monte Carlo results as input to Townsend- and Meek-like discharge criteria. This model is shown to be highly predictive at high pressure, out-performing traditional Paschen-Townsend and Meek-Raether models significantly. At lower pressure-times-distance, the Townsend-like model is an excellent description for noble gases whereas the Meek-like model provides a highly accurate prediction for insulating gases. 

/pdf/dielectric-strength-of-noble-and-quenched-gases-for-high-34hhmt30.pdf

Dielectric strength of noble and quenched gases for high pressure time projection chambers

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Dielectric Strength of Noble and Quenched Gases for High Pressure Time Projection Chambers

Dielectric strength of noble and quenched gases for high pressure time projection chambers