High-resolution recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy (RIMS) is a novel technique to determine the charge state and the complete final momentum vector of a recoiling target ion emerging from an ionizing collision of an atom with any kind of radiation. It offers a unique combination of superior momentum resolution in all three spatial directions of with a large detection solid angle of . Recently, low-energy electron analysers based on rigorously new concepts and reaching similar specifications were successfully integrated into RIM spectrometers yielding so-called `reaction microscopes'. Exploiting these techniques, a large variety of atomic reactions for ion, electron, photon and antiproton impact have been explored in unprecedented detail and completeness. Among them kinematically complete experiments on electron capture, single and double ionization in ion - atom collisions at projectile energies between 5 keV and 1.4 GeV have been carried out. Double photoionization of He has been investigated at energies close to the threshold up to . At the contributions to double ionization after photoabsorption and Compton scattering were separated kinematically for the first time. These and many other results will be reviewed in this paper. In addition, the experimental technique is described in some detail and emphasis is given to envisaging the rich future potential of the method in various fields of atomic collision physics with atoms, molecules and clusters.

/pdf/recoil-ion-momentum-spectroscopy-2fdjshphs1.pdf

Recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy

Data and analysis for the ratio of double to single ionization in helium is reviewed for impact by photons and charged particles. In the case of photoionization there are two processes, namely, (i) photoionization where the photon is annihilated, and (ii) Compton scattering where the photon is inelastically scattered. In the case of charged particle scattering the ratio of total cross sections tends toward an asymptotic high energy value of 0.26% which is well below the value observed for photons of 1.7% at photon energies between 2 and 12 keV. Theoretical relations between various ratios have been predicted and to some extent confirmed by observations.

/pdf/the-ratio-of-cross-sections-for-double-to-single-ionization-56mhdl12v7.pdf

The ratio of cross sections for double to single ionization of helium by high energy photons and charged particles

We have developed a new kind of recoil ion momentum spectroscopy technique, using a precooled supersonic gas jet target, to determine state selective, scattering angle dependent cross sections for swift ion-atom collisions ( $0.25,\dots{},1\mathrm{MeV}{\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ on He), by measuring the transverse and longitudinal momentum of the recoil ion. A longitudinal momentum resolution of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13\mathrm{a}.\mathrm{u}.$ was achieved, about a factor of 30 better than ever obtained before, which enables a clear separation of K and L shell capture. In the transverse direction a resolution corresponding to a projectile scattering angle uncertainty of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\vartheta}}_{P}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{rad}$ was obtained.

https://www.atom.uni-frankfurt.de/publications/files/Mergel95prl.pdf

State selective scattering angle dependent capture cross sections measured by cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy.

Our previous forced impulse method calculations of single and double ionization of helium by protons and antiprotons have been improved by including d orbitals in the target centred basis. The calculations are in good agreement with experimental measurements of the ratio R of double to single ionization, without the 1.35 scaling factor we applied to our previous results. We also compare the separate single and double ionization cross sections to experiment and find good agreement. Experimental cross sections differential in projectile scattering angle at large angle (greater than 2.5 mrad) are compared to our impact parameter dependent ionization probabilities at small impact parameter, for the double to single ratio. The agreement is good, except at the lowest energy we have considered, 0.3 MeV.

Improved forced impulse method calculations of single and double ionization of helium by collision with high-energy protons and antiprotons

The transverse and longitudinal momentum distributions of He+ ions produced by 0.25-1 MeV u-1 H+ and He2+ impact have been measured using a precooled supersonic gas jet target (cold-target recoil ion-momentum spectroscopy-COLTRIMS). The transverse momentum of the recoil ions is mainly determined by the impact parameter. In the longitudinal direction the recoil ions are slightly backwardly directed. The width of the longitudinal momentum distribution is close to the electron momentum distribution in the initial state. This distribution gets much broader for larger transverse momentum transfer (i.e. smaller impact parameters). The experimental results are in good agreement with nCTMC calculations.

Three-body final-state momentum distributions for swift H+ and He2+ on He collisions

Theoretical and experimental cross sections are presented for single and double ionization of He differential in the projectile scattering angle and the transverse energy of the outgoing recoil ion. A dynamical four-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo method that includes radial electron correlation is utilized to calculate total and differential cross sections for 300 and 500 keV protons and antiprotons in impact collisions with He. The azimuthal emission characteristics of electrons, recoil ion and projectile relative to each other are analysed to provide detailed information on the dynamical differences between single and double ionization and between proton and antiproton impact.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-4075/26/19/026/pdf

Differential cross sections for single and double ionization of helium by protons and antiprotons

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Differential cross sections for single and double ionization of helium by protons and antiprotons