https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1529-0131%28199809%2941%3A9%3C1521%3A%3AAID-ART2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-A

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

Apoptosis is a primary characteristic in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Hepatic apoptosis is regulated by autophagic activity. However, mechanisms mediating their interaction remain to be determined. Basal level of autophagy ensures the physiological turnover of old and damaged organelles. Autophagy also is an adaptive response under stressful conditions. Autophagy can control cell fate through different cross-talk signals. A complex interplay between hepatic autophagy and apoptosis determines the degree of hepatic apoptosis and the progression of liver disease as demonstrated by pre-clinical models and clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances on roles of autophagy that plays in pathophysiology of liver. The autophagic pathway can be a novel therapeutic target for liver disease.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15384101.2015.1038685

Autophagy and apoptosis in liver injury.

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(01)88977-0/pdf

Effects of Ursodeoxycholic and Cholic Acid Feeding on Hepatocellular Transporter Expression in Mouse Liver

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140673600036412.pdf

Frequency and predictors of osteoporotic fractures after cardiac or liver transplantation: a follow-up study.

https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(98)00081-3/pdf

Osteoporosis after Organ Transplantation

Biliary fibrosis associated with altered bile composition in a mouse model of erythropoietic protoporphyria

After orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) bone mass rapidly declines and vertebral fracture rate increases. We studied bone loss and parameters of bone turnover in 53 consecutive patients. In an attempt to reduce bone loss the patients were prophylactically treated with cyclical etidronate in addition to daily 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium. During the first 3 months after transplantation median lumbar spinal bone mineral density (BMD) decreased 4.5%; subsequently no significant changes occurred. Median hip BMD continued to fall during the first post-transplantation year and deteriorated 7% over the whole study period. New vertebral fractures were seen in 25% of the patients, which is not lower than previously reported rates in patients not receiving cyclical etidronate. Parathyroid hormone levels increased after OLT (p = 0.01), but remained within normal ranges. Urinary hydroxyproline levels were increased and normalized in the second half-year after OLT. Elevated fasting calciuria increased further after OLT. 1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D3 levels were lowered pre-OLT (25 vs 66 pmol/ 1, p < 0.001) and normalized at 3 months after OLT. Serum osteocalcin concentrations remained unchanged and were reduced compared with levels in healthy controls. In summary, increased bone resorption occurs after OLT with persistent decreased bone formation, leading to vertebral fracture in 25% of patients. Etidronate, 1 alpha-calcidol and calcium treatment did not prevent bone loss.

Bone loss after liver transplantation is not prevented by cyclical etidronate, calcium and alphacalcidol

Type IIIb glycogen storage disease associated with end-stage cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Perioperative measures during liver-transplantation for erythropoietic protoporphyria

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES. To analyze changes in Doppler ultrasound variables in relation to liver biopsy findings for the diagnosis of acute rejection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), the authors performed in a prospective study 316 Doppler ultrasound examinations in the first 2 weeks after OLT on 23 patients. METHODS. Recordings were obtained daily from the hepatic artery (resistive index [RI]) and hepatic vein (damping index [DI]). Correlations were explored between the Doppler ultrasound findings and histologic data. The chi-square test was used to analyze differences in Doppler ultrasound variables in patients with and without acute rejection. RESULTS. Serial Doppler ultrasound examinations showed a significant increase in the RI in 11 of 22 patients (50%); the 23rd patient was excluded because of hepatic artery thrombosis, Despite an agreement in 15 of 22 patients (68%) no statistically significant correlation could be found (positive predictive value 6/11 = 55%; negative predictive value 9/11 = 82%; chi-square = 3.14; P > 0.05). A significant increase in the DI was observed in 14 of 23 patients (61%). However, no statistically significant correlation could be found as well with this parameter (positive predictive value 6/14 = 43%; negative predictive value 6/9 = 67%; chi-square = 0.00; P > 0.05). CONCLUSION. Serial Doppler ultrasound examinations were not helpful in predicting acute rejection.

Doppler ultrasound of the hepatic artery and vein performed daily in the first two weeks after orthotopic liver transplantation. Useful for the diagnosis of acute rejection

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