The optimum hydraulic design problem for microirrigation submain units of specified dimensions is solved analytically. New algebraic equations were derived to calculate explicitly the optimum values of the design variables. The design variables are the lengths of two given pipe sizes for the laterals as well as the appropriate lengths of the available pipe sizes for the manifold. Tapered laterals and manifold are selected in such a way that the sum of the costs of the laterals and the manifold is minimized, while the hydraulic design criterion is ensured. The case of a single-diameter lateral with tapered manifold pipeline is also examined. The design procedure can be also applied in sprinkle irrigation tapered laterals. The explicit optimum design solution is demonstrated in two cases studied.

Explicit Hydraulic Design of Microirrigation Submain Units with Tapered Manifold and Laterals

A new particularly simple equation is derived to solve explicitly the economic design problem of submain lines (microirrigation manifold and sprinkle irrigation submains) with pumping. The appropriate lengths of the submain line segments with different diameters are directly calculated from the proposed equation in such a way the total cost of energy and pipes is minimized. It is shown that the portion of energy cost affected by changes in the submain pipe sizes is proportional to the inlet pressure head of the submain. A new equation is derived relating the inlet pressure head of a tapered multioutlet pipeline to the average pressure head value. Direct design solutions were obtained for two different cases ensuring two different hydraulic conditions. In the first case, the average value of outflow over all the outlets (emitters) of the system is imposed to be identical to the required average outlet discharge. This implies that the average pressure head value in the submain is imposed to be equal to an a priori known constant. In the second case the energy cost is assumed proportional to the friction losses along the submain. The explicit economic design is demonstrated in two design examples. Comparisons with previous methods and numerical models indicated the good performance of the suggested solution.

Inlet pressure, energy cost, and economic design of tapered irrigation submains

Adequate analysis of lateral hydraulics is a very important concern for the design and evaluation of microirrigation systems. One of the main tasks of the lateral hydraulic calculation is to determine the pipe geometric characteristics (pipe size and length) with the required operating inlet pressure head, and the total friction head losses along the lateral line, assuming that the total flow rate at the inlet, characteristics of the emitter, and the acceptable level of uniformity are known in advance. This paper aims to present an efficient computer program in Visual Basic 6.0, named “Multi-flowCAD,” which is based on a stepwise computation algorithm for determining the hydraulic design variables (pipe size, pipe length, and operating inlet pressure head) and the hydraulic flow characteristics (emitter outflow-pressure head distribution, lateral discharge, and total friction losses) along the energy-grade line. The stepwise algorithm takes into account the velocity head change and variation of th...

Computer-Based Analysis of Hydraulic Design Variables for Uniformly Sloping Microirrigation System Laterals

The uniform distribution of water delivered through microirrigation emitters on a lateral line is an important objective that greatly affects a system’s efficiency Among the various uniformity parameters, distribution uniformity (DU) is one of the most frequently used indexes in industry In this study, an easy-to-use analytical method for directly calculating the DU of tapered microirrigation laterals laid on horizontal or uphill slopes is developed The proposed equations are derived assuming that the system’s hydraulic characteristics and the ground slope are the only factors affecting the DU A comparison test with a numerical stepwise solution indicates that the proposed analytical method is reasonably accurate and can be used to evaluate the system uniformity The results also show that the accuracy of the method increases as the total number of outlets increases or the value of the emitter exponent approaches unity

Analytical Determination of Distribution Uniformity for Microirrigation Tapered Laterals Laid on Uphill and Horizontal Slopes

A deterministic model was developed to design the subunit drip irrigation system Different pipe diameters and lengths of lateral and telescopic manifold pipe with uniform slopes were studied. The model estimated lateral and emitter discharges and pressure head distribution along a lateral and manifold starting from the downstream as well as uniformity calculation. The friction head loss between successive emitters, laterals and manifold were estimated using the Darcy-Weisbach formula. The change of the velocity head, the changes of momentum along the lateral and manifold and the loss due to emitter connection were also considered. The model for designing manifold was run successfully for supplying water to one-side and twoside laterals. Field studies were undertaken to test the validity of the computer solutions. Emission flow and pressure distributions were measured and compared quite well with those predicted from the computer model. The model has been verified under different lateral lengths, diameters and slopes, different emitter types (exponents) and barb size diameters and their interactions. The results indicated that, the average deviation percentage for 140 emitter discharges along lateral No.1, 30 and 60 (firstmiddlefar), were 1.24, 1.65 and 8.3%, respectively. The average deviation percentage for discharge variation, pressure head variation and uniformity coefficient for 60 laterals along manifold were 1.8, 2.1 and 2.6%, respectively. Generally, uniformity coefficient (UC) increased with increasing lateral length until certain length then UC remarkably decreased. The trend of UC with lateral length has neglected difference between flat and uphill lateral up to 5% slope. While UC improved remarkable for downhill slope with different lateral diameters. UC tends to decrease with increasing emitter exponent and UC remarkably decreased from 0.96 to 84% with changing slope from 5% downhill to 5% uphill, respectively for laminar emitter. Decreasing rates of UC with increasing emitter exponent were 3.5, 9.2 and 15.7% when slope changed from -5, zero and 5%, respectively. UC decreased with increasing barb size diameters as increasing lateral length. UC remarkably improved with increasing lateral diameters.

https://jssae.journals.ekb.eg/article_90827_a1c5f2ad379e1f99e5c8a9f4dd36cde3.pdf

Mathimatical model for subunit drip irrigation system design

Drip Irrigation Design

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Drip Irrigation Design