Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one of the most broadly utilized solid lubricants with a wide range of applications, including but not limited to those in the aerospace/space industry. Here we present a focused review of solid lubrication with MoS2 by highlighting its structure, synthesis, applications and the fundamental mechanisms underlying its lubricative properties, together with a discussion of their environmental and temperature dependence. The review also includes an extensive overview of the structure and tribological properties of doped MoS2, followed by a discussion of potential future research directions.

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Solid Lubrication with MoS2: A Review

J. Mayer, J. Microscopy 1998, 194, 71. [21] J. F. Ziegler, J. P. Biersack, U. Littmark, The Stopping Range of Ions in Matter (Pergamon Press, New York, 1985). [22] H. Gao, Y. Huang, W. D. Nix, J. W. Hutchinson, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1999, 47, 1239. [23] H. Mughrabi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2004, 387–389, 209. [24] B. von Blanckenhagen, P. Gumbsch, E. Arzt, Phil. Mag. Lett. 2003, 83, 1. [25] R. Sedlacek, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2005, 393, 387. [26] D. Hull, D. Bacon, Introduction to Dislocations Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004. [27] L. H. Friedman, D. C. Chrzan, Phil. Mag. A 1998, 77, 1185. [28] E. O. Hall, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1951, B64, 747. [29] N. J. Petch, J. Iron Steel 1953, 174, 25. [30] E. Arzt, G. Dehm, P. Gumbsch, O. Kraft, D. Weiss, Prog. Mater. Sci. 2001, 46, 283. [31] S. P. Baker, A. Kretschmann, E. Arzt, Acta Mater. 2001, 49, 2145. [32] N. Kalyanasundaram, M. C. Moore, J. B. Freund, H. T. Johnson, Acta Mater. 2006, 54, 483.

Determination of Mechanical Properties of Copper at the Micron Scale

Wear resistance investigation of titanium nitride-based coatings

Self-lubricating materials are becoming more widespread in fields like metal forming or power generation due to the inability to use conventional lubricants in high-temperature (HT) applications. I...

Tribological behaviour of self-lubricating materials at high temperatures

Structural and mechanical properties of multi-element (AlCrMoTaTiZr)Nx coatings by reactive magnetron sputtering

Transition metal dichalcogenides are well known for their lubricating properties. MoS2 is the most popular member of this family and it is widely used as a solid lubricant in vacuum and inert gases. However, the lubricating properties of MoS2 are deteriorated in humid air. It is known that molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) has the same crystal structure and also exhibits suitable lubricating properties, but their dependence on air humidity has not been studied yet in details. This paper is aimed to the comparison of tribological properties of MoS2 and MoSe2 coatings measured in air of different humidity and at elevated temperatures. Both coatings were prepared by non-reactive DC magnetron sputtering and tested with ball-on-disc high temperature tribometer. The results of measurements of friction coefficient and wear rate vs. tribometer revolutions and the resulting dependencies of friction coefficient and wear rate on ambient air relative humidity are presented. These results show that the friction coefficient of MoSe2 was not influenced by air humidity. Wear rate of MoSe2 in dry air was substantially higher than that of MoS2; in humid air, the MoS2 wear rate increased rapidly while wear rate of MoSe2 remained unchanged. The operating temperature of both coatings was limited to 350 °C.

Temperature dependence of tribological properties of MoS2 and MoSe2 coatings

PVD-coated instruments are often used at elevated temperatures. However, the friction and wear data of these coatings at temperatures exceeding room temperature are still lacking. In order to help remedy this lack, three coatings widely spread in industrial applications, TiN, TiCN and CrN, taken from standard production of customer's coating centre were comparatively measured up to 500 °C. The coatings were deposited on hardened steel substrates either by unbalanced magnetron sputtering or arc evaporation deposition. The measurements were done using a high-temperature tribometer (pin-on-disc, CSM Instruments). The evolution of friction coefficient with sliding distance (number of cycles) was measured at different temperatures and the wear rate of the ball and coating were evaluated. 100Cr6 balls and the Si3N4 ceramic balls were used as counterparts. The wear tracks were examined optically and by SEM. The surface oxidation at elevated temperatures and chemical composition inside and outside the wear track was also measured by EDX analysis.

Comparison of tribological behaviour of TiN, TiCN and CrN at elevated temperatures

Chromium nitride (CrN) and multilayers Cr/CrN coatings were deposited by low cathodic arc technology. The thickness of Cr and CrN layers was identical; two different multilayer coatings were deposited with layer thicknesses of 85 and 160 nm. The structural analysis showed that CrN coatings exhibited the cubic CrN phase, while a mixture of CrN, Cr2N and Cr phases was observed in the case of multilayers. The annealing of the samples at 800 and 900 °C in air led to: (1) the decomposition of the chromium nitride phases into chromium; (2) a moderate oxidation by forming a thin Cr2O3 layer on the coating surface and, (3) carbon diffusion from the steel substrate. The chemical composition depth analysis performed by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) showed a nitrogen-rich layer below the surface oxide layer for Cr/CrN multilayers. The multilayer structure, clearly visible by GDOES at room temperature, disappeared at 800 °C. Friction and wear analysis carried out by pin-on-disc in the temperature range 600–800 °C followed by the wear track observation by scanning electron microscopy showed that the dominant feature influencing the tribological properties was the formation of a tribolayer. The tribolayer consisted of small wear debris particles of chromium oxide pressed together and well adhered in the wear track. The multilayer Cr/CrN coatings showed a slightly better wear resistance than CrN film.

High temperature tribology of CrN and multilayered Cr/CrN coatings

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Temperature dependence of tribological properties of MoS2 and MoSe2 coatings

Comparison of tribological behaviour of TiN, TiCN and CrN at elevated temperatures

High temperature tribology of CrN and multilayered Cr/CrN coatings