Automotive catalytic converters: current status and some perspectives

Over the last several years, nitrogen oxide(s) (NOx) storage/reduction (NSR) catalysts, also referred to as NOx adsorbers or lean NOx traps, have been developed as an aftertreatment technology to reduce NOx emissions from lean‐burn power sources. NSR operation is cyclic: during the lean part of the cycle, NOx are trapped on the catalyst; intermittent rich excursions are used to reduce the NOx to N2 and restore the original catalyst surface; and lean operation then resumes. This review will describe the work carried out in characterizing, developing, and understanding this catalyst technology for application in mobile exhaust‐gas aftertreatment. The discussion will first encompass the reaction process fundamentals, which include five general steps involved in NOx reduction to N2 on NSR catalysts; NO oxidation, NO2 and NO sorption leading to nitrite and nitrate species, reductant evolution, NOx release, and finally NOx reduction to N2. Major unresolved issues and questions are listed at the end of ...

Overview of the Fundamental Reactions and Degradation Mechanisms of NOx Storage/Reduction Catalysts

4.1. Noble Metals 4058 4.1.1. Platinum 4059 4.1.2. Palladium 4060 4.1.3. Bimetallic Systems 4060 4.2. Storage Components 4061 4.2.1. Earth Alkaline Metals 4061 4.2.2. Alkali Metals 4065 4.3. Supports 4065 4.3.1. Single Oxides 4065 4.3.2. Mixed Oxides 4067 4.4. Promoters 4069 4.5. Preparation Methods 4071 4.6. Influence of Remote Control 4073 5. Influence of Exhaust Gas Composition 4074 5.1. Reducing Gas 4074 5.2. Water 4077 5.3. Carbon Dioxide 4077 5.4. Impact of Soot 4079 6. Theoretical and Surface Science Studies 4079 6.1. Theoretical Studies 4079 6.2. Studies on Well-Defined Model Catalysts 4082 7. Reactor Configuration 4082 8. Conclusions and Outlook 4086 9. Acknowledgments 4087 10. References 4087

NOx Storage−Reduction Catalysis: From Mechanism and Materials Properties to Storage−Reduction Performance

Nouveau Traité de Chimie Minérale.

A review of NOx storage/reduction catalysts: mechanism, materials and degradation studies

NOx trapping capability of “NOx storage–reduction” commercial catalysts (4–9 wt% Ba-containing three-way catalysts) was compared to that of bulk barium carbonate and alumina-supported barium carbonate from Rhodia (9 wt% Ba). These samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, HRTEM and EDX. It was shown that bulk barium carbonate was partially converted to barium nitrate in flowing NO/O2 mixture without CO2. Thermodynamic calculation showed that bulk barium nitrate could not form in the presence of CO2-containing gas exhausts. Using HRTEM and EDX, it was evidenced that barium was engaged as either large barium carbonate crystals or highly dispersed barium species on the alumina support. NOx storage experiments using gas mixtures containing or not O2 or CO2, confirmed firstly that NO was stored on barium trap only via NO2 and secondly that NO2 and CO2 are competing for the same barium trapping sites. The fact that no significant amount of stored NOx could be evidenced in the bulk barium carbonate, suggested that over the catalytic surface, the well dispersed barium phase can play an important role in the NOx trapping properties of these catalysts.

NOx storage on barium-containing three-way catalyst in the presence of CO2

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NOx storage on barium-containing three-way catalyst in the presence of CO2