The influence of superabsorbent polymers on the autogenous shrinkage properties of cement pastes with supplementary cementitious materials

....................................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ ix

Internal Curing: A 2010 State-of-the-Art Review

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/258382.pdf

Neutron imaging in materials science

Mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight concretes with vermiculite and EPS using air-entraining agent

https://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02384580/document

Multiscale X-ray tomography of cementitious materials: A review

In the past, neutron imaging investigations have been mostly performed in “integrating mode”, which averages over the full applied neutron energy spectrum. This article describes four different methods and devices of obtaining energy selectivity in the thermal to cold energy range, which allow a new approach in neutron imaging. Two principles have been used and tested: (a) selection of neutrons by suppression of contribution of other spectral parts; (b) using the flight-time information in distance from the source. For the (a) option, three different devices have been exploited practically. Information about material properties can be revealed that cannot be obtained in integrating mode. The energy-dependent transmission measurements make use of the Bragg edges in the total cross-sections of materials. Energy-selective radiography has vast potential for contrast variation, and for mapping structural properties such as crystallographic texture and residual strains with high spatial resolution. The obtained images highlight new opportunities in materials and engineering research, in comparison and complementary to what can be obtained by neutron scattering. There is likely to be an increasing need for implementing time-of-flight neutron imaging at present and future pulsed spallation sources, where the energy range can be selected almost without limitations. In this paper we attempt to give an overview over the current state of the art of energy-selective imaging and the experimental configurations required.

The energy-selective option in neutron imaging

Abstract Attenuation coefficients and mass attenuation coefficients of wood were determined theoretically and experimentally for thermal and cold neutrons. Experiments were carried out at the neutron imaging facilities at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen (CH). For the calculation of theoretical attenuation coefficients, only the three main elemental components (carbon, oxygen and hydrogen) were taken into consideration. While hydrogen accounts only for 6% (by wt) of wood, over 90% of the attenuation can be attributed to this element. Nitrogen and other trace elements were estimated to have a negligible impact on the theoretical attenuation coefficient. For the experimental determination of the attenuation coefficients, samples from different European and tropical wood species were tested in order to examine the influence of density and extractives content. Experimental results show a very strong linear correlation between attenuation coefficient and wood density irrespective of the tested species and extractives content that play only a minor role. As neutrons are very susceptible to scattering, it is necessary to apply a scattering correction if a quantitative evaluation is intended.

/pdf/neutron-attenuation-coefficients-for-non-invasive-2ovvst23jo.pdf

Neutron attenuation coefficients for non-invasive quantification of wood properties

Energy selective neutron radiography was performed to describe a complex structure in polycrystalline materials. Experiments were performed with currently the highest energy and spatial resolutions achieved simultaneously, by employing a double crystal monochromator for selecting narrow energy bands from the initially polychromatic neutron beam and the neutron absorbing scintillator screen coupled with the cooled CCD camera as a detection system. It was shown that the detailed structure of the welded steel sample can be visualized and quantified by performing energy selective neutron imaging in the cold energy range, where elastic coherent scattering dominates the total cross section of the sample, showing characteristic Bragg edges. With the maps of crystallographic orientations over the sample area of ∼2×2 cm2 and thickness ∼11.2 mm, obtained directly from radiographs, the complex structure was energy resolved with a spatial resolution of ∼50 μm.

/pdf/energy-selective-neutron-radiography-in-material-research-2j17tjui1s.pdf

Energy selective neutron radiography in material research

Crystalline-structured materials with preferentially large grains were investigated by means of energy-selective neutron imaging methods (transmission radiography and tomography) under the conditions of the best possible spatial resolution at the ICON facility, SINQ, and PSI. Because of the cold spectrum at that beam line, access to the Bragg diffraction features was possible even when the energy resolution of the used selector device was only 15%. Grains with a size below the detector resolution (approximately 25 μm) are not visible, and a quasi-homogeneous contrast variation is found when the neutron energy is varied.In the cases of welded stainless steel samples and rolled Al plates, we obtained structural information from a very short exposure of approximately 60 s. Tomographic examinations of these samples at suitable neutron energies qualitatively verified the radiographic findings by showing the same features in the bulk. Comparison to common electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) investigations in selected regions of the samples provided a complete verification of the neutron-image data with respect to the grain size and the different grain orientations. The method of energy-selective neutron imaging provides an easy and straightforward approach for non-invasive material research that can be performed without any sample preparation if the most suitable neutron energy is chosen. Further studies will be necessary to extend the experimental data base to other materials with different crystal structures and grain sizes. A comparison to diffraction data will enhance the quantitative value of the investigations.

Energy-selective neutron imaging with high spatial resolution and its impact on the study of crystalline-structured materials

In neutron radiography and tomography, the image contrast is caused by a variation of the effective macroscopic cross-section over the sample volume. Narrowing the energy band of the polychromatic neutron beam in the cold energy range increases the image contrast significantly and opens an access to the crystallographic structure of the sample. Here, we show that crystallographic microstructures of welded stainless steel samples can be visualized and quantified in two and three dimensions by the energy selective neutron imaging. The energy selective neutron radiography maps preferred crystallite orientations over the sample and provides energy values of the highest image contrast. Furthermore, a high contrast neutron tomography visualizes preferred crystallite orientations over the whole macroscopic sample volume.

Energy selective neutron imaging in solid state materials science

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