This review covers advances in electrochemical and biochemical sensor development and usage during 2010 and 2011 In choosing scholarly articles to contribute to this review, special emphasis was placed on work published in the areas of reference electrodes, potentiometric sensors, voltammetric sensors, amperometric sensors, biosensors, immunosensors, and mass sensors In the past two years there have been a number of important papers, that do not fall into the general subsections contained within the larger sections Such novel advances are very important for the field of electrochemical sensors as they open up new avenues and methods for future research Each section above contains a subsection titled “Other Papers of Interest” that includes such articles and describes their importance to the field in general For example, while most electrochemical techniques for sensing analytes of interest are based on the changes in potential or current, Shan et al1 have developed a completely novel method for performing electrochemical measurements In their work, they report a method for imaging local electrochemical current using the optical signal of the electrode surface generated from a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) The electrochemical current image is based on the fact that the current density can be easily calculated from the local SPR signal The authors demonstrated this concept by imaging traces of TNT on a fingerprint on a gold substrate

Full articles and reviews were primarily amassed by searching the SciFinder Scholar and ISI Web of Knowledge Additional articles were found through alternate databases or by perusing analytical journals for pertinent publications Due to the reference limitation, only publications written in English were considered for inclusion Obviously, there have been more published accounts of groundbreaking work with electrochemical and biochemical sensors than those covered here This review is a small sampling of the available literature and not intended to cover every advance of the past two years The literature chosen focuses on new trends in materials, techniques, and clinically relevant applications of novel sensors To ensure proper coverage of these trends, theoretical publications and applications of previously reported sensor development were excluded

We want to remind our readers that this review is not intended to provide comprehensive coverage of electrochemical sensor development, but rather to provide a glimpse of the available depth of knowledge published in the past two years This review is meant to focus on novel methods and materials, with a particular focus on the increasing use of graphene sheets for sensor material development For readers seeking more information on the general principles behind electrochemical sensors and electrochemical methods, we recommend other sources with a broader scope2, 3 Electrochemical sensor research is continually providing new insights into a variety of fields and providing a breadth of relevant literature that is worthy of inclusion in this review Unfortunately, it is impossible to cover each publication and unintentional oversights are inevitable We sincerely apologize to the authors of electrochemical and biochemical sensor publications that were inadvertently overlooked

Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Selective isolation of mono- and multi-phosphorylated peptides is important for understanding how a graded protein kinase or phosphatase signal can precisely modulate the on and off states of signal transduction pathways. Here we report that metal ions at exposed octahedral sites of nano-ferrites, including Fe3O4, NiFe₂O₄, ZnFe₂O₄ and NiZnFe₂O₄, have distinctly selective coordination abilities with mono- and multi- phosphopeptides. Due to their intrinsic magnetic properties and high surface area to volume ratios, these nanoparticles enable the rapid isolation of mono- and multi-phosphopeptides by an external magnetic field. Model phosphoprotein α-casein and two synthesized mono- and di-phosphopeptides have been chosen for proof-of-principle demonstrations, and these nanoparticles have also been applied to phosphoproteome profiling of zebrafish eggs. It is shown that NiZnFe₂O₄ is highly selective for multi-phosphopeptides. In contrast, Fe₃O₄, NiFe₂O₄ and ZnFe₂O₄ can bind with both mono- and multi-phosphopeptides with relatively stronger affinity towards mono-phosphopeptides.

/pdf/mass-spectrometric-analysis-of-mono-and-multi-50jmofif16.pdf

Mass spectrometric analysis of mono- and multi-phosphopeptides by selective binding with NiZnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles

Manganese–nickel ferrites powder with general formula MnxNi1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4) were synthesized through oxalate precursor route and sintered at 1000 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were measured for the prepared samples to confirm the existence of single-phase structure. The crystallite size was estimated and found to be within the range 125–170 nm. To study the radiation effect on the structure and magnetic properties, a representative group of the investigated samples were irradiated by γ-rays of 60Co source with a dose of 310 kGy. The XRD spectra were performed for the irradiated samples and compared with that of the pristine samples to estimate changes in the structure. The obtained results showed that the crystallite size increased by a factor of 10–16% after gamma irradiation. The lattice parameter also was increased due to the conversion of Fe3+ (0.64 A) to Fe2+ (0.76 A). The formula of the cation distribution of the ferrites samples was suggested at x = 0, 0.2, 0.4 before and after irradiation. The theoretical lattice parameter, sample density and porosity were calculated and compared with that obtained from the experimental data. Good agreement was found between theoretical and experimental structural data which confirms the proposed formula of cations distribution. The hysteresis curves were measured using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) for the unirradiated and irradiated samples and the saturation magnetization was estimated. The obtained results showed increase in saturation magnetizations (Ms) for all the samples by irradiation due to redistribution of the cations between A and B sites and changing the net magnetic moments. Theoretical calculation of magnetic moments and saturation magnetization using the proposed cations distribution of A and B sites confirmed the experimental results. The positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was used to investigate the defects and changes in electron density after irradiation. The PAL parameters (τ1, I1, τ2, I2 and mean lifetime) show that the irradiation affects the size and concentration of the vacant type defects. The results reveal that there are some large voids (with radius ranged from 0.28 to 0.38 nm and mean value of 0.34 ± 0.04 nm in the studied samples). The obtained results indicate the high sensitivity of PALS technique to the enhanced structure changes due to gamma rays irradiation.

Effect of γ-rays irradiation on Mn–Ni ferrites: Structure, magnetic properties and positron annihilation studies

Essentially, the corrosion process of the steel bar in reinforcing concrete structures is a series of electrochemical reactions. Therefore, the released energy during these reactions provides the opportunities to identify the corrosion status and power the wireless corrosion monitoring sensors. Furthermore, the recognition of the corrosion status has been realized with active monitoring techniques (AMTs) and passive monitoring techniques (PMTs). Additionally, the sensor mote platform that harvests the corrosion energy has been designed for corrosion monitoring, and then how to network these sensors to remotely access the corrosion data has been discussed. The preliminary experiment has been conducted to validate the micro corrosion energy.

Remote corrosion monitoring of the RC structures using the electrochemical wireless energy-harvesting sensors and networks

Fabrication and characterization of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni–Fe alloys for NiFe2O4 spinel coatings

Nickel ferrite (NiFe 2 O 4 ) was tried first time as a possible candidate material as embeddable reference sensor in concrete environments. NiFe 2 O 4 was synthesized in the laboratory and assembled reference cell which consists of three compartments. The sensor performance was evaluated in concrete environments such as saturated calcium hydroxide solution, synthetic concrete pore solution and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) extract. The consistency test and electrochemical stability test of the sensor were studied in the said concrete environments and the half cell potential was found to be −300 mV vs. SCE. The reversibility of sensor in the three alkaline solutions was found to be within ±5 mV, which was very well within the limit as sensor material for concrete. The polarization and impedance tests of NiFe 2 O 4 sensor in concrete environments showed the stability of the sensor material in the highly alkaline concrete environments.

Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4): A possible candidate material as reference electrode for corrosion monitoring of steel in concrete environments

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Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4): A possible candidate material as reference electrode for corrosion monitoring of steel in concrete environments