Sharka is a disease of fruiting, ornamental and wild Prunus species of great socio-economic relevance that has spread to most Prunusgrowing nations. It is caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), a member of the genus Potyvirus. In recent years, there have been notable advances in our understanding of genome organization and expression, functions of gene products, and pathogenicity and host range determinants of PPV and other potyviruses. This knowledge is being applied to improve PPV detection and strain differentiation. In addition, the feasibility of engineering the PPV genome through cDNA cloning has opened the possibility of using PPV as a biotechnological tool. The combined application of classical breeding and genetic engineering techniques is yielding first results in the development of Prunus cultivars resistant to sharka disease.

/pdf/plum-pox-virus-and-sharka-disease-12fu26t6vm.pdf

Plum Pox Virus and Sharka Disease

SUMMARY
Plum pox virus (PPV) is responsible for sharka disease, one of the most detrimental stone fruit diseases affecting Prunus trees worldwide. Only a few apricot cultivars have been described as resistant, most originating from North American breeding programmes. Several PPV resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been mapped in various progenies, consistently highlighting the contribution to the resistance of the upper part of linkage group 1 (LG1). However, to date, no consensus has been reached on the precise number of QTLs linked to the resistance to PPV in apricot and P. davidiana or on their accurate position on the genetic linkage map. In the present study, the quantitative resistance of cultivar ‘Harlayne’ was analysed over five growth periods in a large F1 population. Four QTLs were identified, three mapping on LG1, explaining between 5% and 39% of the observed phenotypic variance. In an effort to further this analysis of PPV resistance in apricot, these results were merged in a single QTL meta-analysis with those of five other PPV resistance analyses available in the literature. Three consensus QTL regions were identified on LG1 and a putative fourth region on LG3. QTL meta-analysis also revealed the contribution of each resistant cultivar to metaQTLs, providing interesting comparative data on the resistance factors shared between the resistance sources used in the various studies. Finally, it was shown that one of the metaQTLs co-localizes with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E, thus providing new hypotheses on the mechanisms of PPV resistance in apricot.

/pdf/quantitative-trait-loci-meta-analysis-of-plum-pox-virus-20tmv7qv3p.pdf

Quantitative trait loci meta-analysis of Plum pox virus resistance in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.): new insights on the organization and the identification of genomic resistance factors

Among 67 or so viruses that are able to infect soybean, 27 are considered a threat to the soybean industry (Tolin and Lacy, 2004; Saghai Maroof et al., 2008). Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is the most prevalent virus and is recognized as the most serious, long-standing problem in many soybean producing areas in the world (Wang, 2009). SMV is a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. The disease caused by SMV was first documented in the USA in 1915 by Clinton (1916) and SMV was named by Gardner and Kendrick (1921). Since then, the virus has been found in China, Japan, South Korea, Canada, Bazil, Australia and many other countries wherever soybean is grown. Infection by SMV usually results in severe yield losses and seed quality reduction. It has been reported that yield losses usually range from 8 to 50% under natural field conditions (Hill, 1999; Arif and Hassan, 2002) and reach up to 100% in severe outbreaks (Liao et al., 2002). Since SMV is a seed-borne viral pathogen and aphids can efficiently spread it from plant to plant while they feed, it is difficult to control the virus and produce SMV-free seeds. Furthermore, SMV often infects soybeans with other viruses such as Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) (Wang, 2009). Such synergistic infections with two or more viruses cause much more severe damages than infection by each virus alone (Hill et al., 2007; Wang, 2009). Utilization of soybean cultivars resistant to SMV is considered the most effective way of controlling the diseases. Extensive screening for soybean gemplasm resistant to SMV has resulted in the identification of three independent resistant genes, i.e., Rsv1, Rsv3, and Rsv4 (Hayes et al., 2000; Gunduz et al., 2002; Liao et al., 2002; Zheng et al., 2005; Li et al., 2010a). Interestingly, several naturally occurring resistance-breaking SMV isolates have also been reported that can break all three or two soybean resistance loci (Choi et al., 2005; Gagarinova et al., 2008a). The development of durable genetic resistance to SMV becomes a research priority for soybean breeders and soybean pathologists. This may depend on advances in the understanding of the SMV life cycle and molecular SMV-soybean interactions.

/pdf/detection-understanding-and-controlof-soybean-mosaic-virus-58bgqh9pbs.pdf

Detection, Understanding and Controlof Soybean Mosaic Virus

The reaction to plum pox virus (PPV) inoculation is investigated in 163 F1 hybrids ‘Polonais’ x ‘Stark Early Orange’, susceptible and resistant to ‘Sharka’ disease, respectively. The hybrids are inoculated with PPV by grafting and planting in the field where the disease is endemic. Visual symptoms of ‘Sharka’ on the leaves of the hybrids are recorded eight months post-inoculation as well as in the second and fourth year. Mild disease symptoms are recorded in almost all hybrids in the first year. The ratio of hybrids presenting symptoms versus those not presenting is 9:1. This ratio changes to 1:1 in the second year and remains stable in the fourth year. The ELISA test applied to the leaves of the asymptomatic hybrids is negative, confirming the monogenic control of resistance to PPV conferred by cv. ‘Stark Early Orange’. The phenomenon of ‘recovery’ from infection accounts for the reduction in infection levels after the first year.

Reaction of an F1 apricot hybrid population to artificial and natural inoculation of Plum pox virus

Le Plum pox virus (PPV) appartient au genre des Potyvirus qui englobe le plus grand nombre d'especes virales infectant les vegetaux. Son genome a ete largement caracterise et sequence. Cependant, peu de donnees sont disponibles au sujet des interactions du PPV avec sa plante-hote ligneuse. Nous nous sommes donc focalises, au cours des 4 dernieres annees, a la fois sur les aspects cellulaires et moleculaires des interactions Prunus/PPV compatibles et incompatibles. Des infections avec le virus marque avec la GFP (Green fluorescent protein) et des hybridations in situ ont ete realisees afin de comparer la localisation du PPV dans les tiges et les feuilles de cultivars d'abricotiers sensibles et resistants. Parallelement, des outils moleculaires ont ete developpes a travers le clonage et la caracterisation des genes de resistance homologues a ceux clones chez d'autres especes herbacees et de genes candidats dont l'expression est deregulee lors de l'infection par le PPV. Les genes candidats sont actuellement utilises pour cibler des regions genomiques impliquees dans la resistance ou la sensibilite et pour identifier des marqueurs moleculaires indispensables a la mise en place de la selection assistee par marqueurs (SAM) pour la resistance a la sharka.

Unravelling the Prunus/Plum pox virus interactions

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Unravelling the Prunus/Plum pox virus interactions