By selective labeling of juvenile chicken bursal cells with colloidal fluorescein isothiocyanate in situ, the emigration rate of bursal lymphocytes to the periphery was estimated at approximately 0.84% and 0.96% of the peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) and splenic B cell pool per hour, respectively. Emigrant bursal cells were found primarily in blood and spleen, with very small numbers migrating to thymus, bone marrow, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Emigrant bursal cells expressed high levels of both major histocompatibility complex class II antigen and the Ov alloantigen, a phenotype found on a population comprising approximately 4% of bursal cells from which the bursal emigrants may be derived. Surgical bursectomy at 3 weeks of age revealed that peripheral blood B cells could be divided into three distinct populations. Specifically, 60% of the peripheral blood B cells were short lived with a half-life of about 30 h in the blood. These cells accounted for the great majority of emigrants from the bursa to the peripheral blood. Approximately 35 % of PBL B cells had a half-life of 12 days following bursectomy and comprised cells which did not divide in the periphery. Consequently, we propose that physiological differences between this population and the majority of bursal emigrants are established intrabursally. The remaining PBL B cells, whose relative proportion increases with age from about 5 % of PBL B cells at 2-3 weeks of age, are short lived and are being continually produced from (a) post-bursal site(s) of B cell production.

Bursa-dependent subpopulations of peripheral B lymphocytes in chicken blood

The ontogeny and cloning of B cells in the bursa of Fabricius

6 – structure and evolution of avian immunoglobulins

Any professional concerned with immunology will be interested in this book dedicated to the memory of Milan Hasek, former director of the Prague Institute of Experimental Biology and Genetics. Prof. Hasek was a congenial scientist and most amiable person - a personal friend of almost all leading immunologists around the world. He was displaced from his post of director in 1970, yet had a lasting impact upon his students and the group known as the Prague School of Immunogenetics. The topics covered in the contributions range from tolerance, immune network, and immunogenetics to the immunology of bacterial and viral infections. They are written by 27 of Prof. Hasek's former co-workers who emigrated to western countries around or after 1968 and became well-known and distinguished scientists in the field. The papers include their personal reflections of the Prague Institute, their impressions upon arriving abroad and their interesting experimental work since then. The book also provides a complete bibliography of their publications after leaving Czechoslovakia.

Realm of Tolerance

At the risk of representing a chicken as a hybrid between a hummingbird and an ostrich, we can summarize the preceding sections and order-of-magnitude estimates as follows. Chicken B lymphocytes are derived from less than 10(5) lymphoid precursor cells, which either have already rearranged their Ig genes before they colonize the embryonic bursa, or (more probably) rapidly give rise to cells with rearranged genes within the bursa's 10(4) follicles. Since the bird's functional germline Ig V genes are few in number (less than or equal to 10?), most rearrangements have similar outcomes. The B cells proliferate rapidly in the bursa, in an antigen-independent manner, undergoing somatic modifications of their Ig V genes at a high rate (probably at least once in every 10(3) cell divisions). In the young chick, B cells are produced in the bursa at a rate of 10(7) to 10(8) per d; many of these die but the rest contribute to formation of the adult bird's B cell pool of about 10(10) lymphocytes, with a repertoire of at least 10(6) different antibody specificities. the bird's B cells are entirely self-renewing, in the sense that none are derived from Ig-negative precursors at any time after hatching.

Counting components of the chicken's B cell system.

The membrane expression of M1 (IgM) and G1 (IgG) allotype markers on peripheral blood lymphocytes was examined by immunofluorescence. In homozygous chickens 15% lymphocytes stained with either anti-M1 or with polyspecific rabbit anti-Ig serum, suggesting that M1 is expressed on the surface of probably all B lymphocytes. In heterozygous M1a/M1b individuals antisera against either allelic antigens reacted with 50% of the total surface Ig positive cells as evidence for the allelic exclusion of surface M1 expression. Donor allotype synthesis was determined from serum allotype levels in congenic cyclophosphamide-treated recipients of lymphoid cells. Treatment of cells with anti-M1 serum prior to transfer inhibited both M1 and G1 allotype synthesis. The treatment of heterozygous (M1a/M1b, G1a/G1e) cells with anti-M1b serum inhibited specifically the synthesis of M1b and G1e allotypes controlled by linked genes from the same parental chromosome. Thus, B cells which had been the targets for anti-M1 antibody mediated suppression are also subject to allelic exclusion.

Allelic exclusion of M1 (IgM) allotype on the surface of chicken B cells.

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Allelic exclusion of M1 (IgM) allotype on the surface of chicken B cells.