Taurine in the central nervous system and the mammalian actions of taurine

A degeneration of the retinal photoreceptor cells develops in cats when casein is the source of dietary protein Amino acid profiles indicate that the degeneration is associated with a selective decrease in plasma and retinal taurine concentrations A sulfur amino acid deficit in the casein diet combined with specific amino acid requirements of the cat appear related to this unique expression of taurine deficiency

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/188/4191/949.full.pdf

Retinal degeneration associated with taurine deficiency in the cat.

Recent work on selected aspects of the cellular and molecular physiology of cell volume regulation is reviewed. First, the physiological significance of the regulation of cell volume is discussed. Membrane transporters involved in cell volume regulation are reviewed, including volume-sensitive K + and CI − , channels, K + , CI − and Na + , K + , 2CI − cotransporters, and the Na + , H + , CI − , HCO 3 − , and K + , H + exchangers. The role of amino acids, particularly taurine, as cellular osmolytes is discussed. Possible mechanisms by which cells sense their volumes, along with the sensors of these signals, are discussed. The signals are mechanical changes in the membrane and changes in macromolecular crowding. Sensors of these signals include stretch-activated channels, the cytoskeleton, and specific membrane or cytoplasmic enzymes. Mechanisms for transduction of the signal from sensors to transporters are reviewed. These include the Ca 2+ -calmodulin system, phospholipases, polyphosphoinositide metabolism, eicosanoid metabolism, and protein kinases and phosphatases. A detailed model is presented for the swelling-initiated signal transduction pathway in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Finally, the coordinated control of volume-regulatory transport processes and changes in the expression of organic osmolyte transporters with long-term adaptation to osmotic stress are reviewed briefly.

Membrane mechanisms and intracellular signalling in cell volume regulation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the important roles of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in brain metabolism. The chapter shows the amino acids as excitatory and inhibitory transmitters in the CNS. The inactivation of these transmitters is generally brought about by sodium-dependent high-affinity uptake systems rather than enrymatic degradation. The importance of the different cell types in these processes and the characteristics of the different transport systems are discussed. The quantitative importance of the high-affinity uptake of glutamate and GABA into glial cells is investigated in primary cultures of astrocytes that seem to constitute a valid model for such cells in vivo. From these studies, it can be concluded that astrocytes are quantitatively important for uptake of putative transmitter amino acids. Whether this uptake has to do primarily with the transmitter pools of these amino acids, and hence their inactivation, or the uptake is involved in the metabolic processes remains to be finally elucidated. The fact that the processes of astrocytes control a large surface area around synapses seems to favor a function of such cells in the inactivation of these amino acids.On the other hand, it is undoubtedly correct that these amino acids can be taken up into presynaptic nerve endings through high-affinity transport processes. In the case of GABA, it is even possible to distinguish between these transport mechanisms employing inhibitors that have been shown to be selective for the transport carriers.

Transport and metabolism of glutamate and GABA in neurons are glial cells.

Plasma cysteine and sulphate levels in patients with motor neurone, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.

Biochemistry and physiology of taurine and taurine derivatives.

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Biochemistry and physiology of taurine and taurine derivatives.