Cannon, Barbara, and Jan Nedergaard. Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance. Physiol Rev 84: 277–359, 2004; 10.1152/physrev.00015.2003.—The function of brown adipose tissue i...

Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance

Thermogenic mechanisms in brown fat.

Summary
1. Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) is a heat-production mechanism participating in the chemical thermoregulation of mammals.

2. NST is additional to shivering and takes place at temperatures close to the thermoneutral zone.

3. NST occurs in newborn mammals and in those that hibernate. In some adult mammals it can be induced by adaptation to cold.

4. In small mammals NST produces approximately the same amount of heat as shivering. It becomes less important with increasing body weight of the animals.

5. NST is regulated by the hypothalamus and it is based predominantly on the calorigenic action of noradrenaline released from sympathetic nerve-endings.

Participation of other calorigenic substances and of the specific dynamic action of food cannot be excluded.

6. NST is localized mainly in skeletal muscles and in brown adipose tissue. Small amounts of NST may come from liver, intestine, heart and brain.

7. The biochemical basis of the calorigenic action of noradrenaline has not yet been fully elucidated.

Non-shivering thermogenesis and its thermoregulatory significance.

Membrane potentials and sodium channels: hypotheses for growth regulation and cancer formation based on changes in sodium channels and gap junctions.

Intracellular potentials were measured, using a piezoelectric electromechanical transducer to impale Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with capillary microelectrodes. In sodium Ringer's, the potential immediately after the penetration was −24±7 mV, and decayed to a stable value of about −8 mV within a few msec. The peak potentials disappeared in potassium Ringer's and reappeared immediately after resuspension in sodium. Ringer's, whereas the stable potentials were only slightly influenced by the change of medium. The peak potential is in good agreement with the Nernst potential for chloride. This is also the case when cell sodium and potassium have been changed by addition of ouabain. It is concluded that the peak potentials represent the membrane potential of the unperturbed cell, and that chloride is in electrochemical equilibrium across the cell membrane. The membrane potential of about −11 mV previously reported corresponds to the stable potential in this study, and is considered as a junction potential between damaged cells and their environment. Similar potential differences were recorded between a homogenate of cells and Ringer's. The apparent membrane resistance of Ehrlich cells was about 70 Ωcm2. This is two orders of magnitude less than the value calculated from36Cl fluxes, and may, in part, represent a leak in the cell membrane. For comparison, the influence of an eventual leak on measurements in red cells and mitochondria is discussed.

The membrane potential of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells microelectrode measurements and their critical evaluation.

Membrane potentials were recorded in isolated segments of interscapular brown adipose tissue from rats. After equilibration at 29°C in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer a mean value of -51 ± 4 mv (SD) was found. This level could be maintained for up to 5 hr. The mean effective membrane resistance was 1.35 ± 0.45 megohm. The membrane potential was a function of the extracellular potassium concentration. Ouabain (10-6-10-3 M) and incubation in K-free buffer produced progressive depolarization. Epinephrine and norepinephrine in concentrations as low as 10-8 g/ml produced a prompt depolarization. Cooling of the tissue and lowering of the oxygen tension caused a marked and reversible decrease in the membrane potential. In tissue obtained from cold-adapted rats, the membrane potential was considerably diminished. 6Assuming that the membrane potential is some function of the Na permeability of the plasma membrane it is suggested that an increase in the rate of active Na-K transport and ensuing ADP formation might contribute to the increase in respiration seen during exposure to thermogenic stimuli.

https://rupress.org/jgp/article-pdf/52/6/925/1244414/925.pdf

Membrane Potential of Brown Adipose Tissue A suggested mechanism for the regulation of thermogenesis

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Membrane Potential of Brown Adipose Tissue A suggested mechanism for the regulation of thermogenesis