Boron is an essential micronutrient for plants, but the range between deficient and toxic B concentration is smaller than for any other nutrient element. Plants respond directly to the activity of B in soil solution and only indirectly to B adsorbed on soil constituents. Soil factors affecting availability of B to plants are: pH, texture, moisture, temperature, organic matter and clay mineralogy. Boron adsorbing surfaces in soils are: aluminium and iron oxides, magnesium hydroxide, clay minerals, calcium carbonate, and organic matter. Boron adsorption reactions can be described empirically using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation, the Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation, and the phenomenological Keren model. Chemical models such as the constant capacitance model, the triple layer model, and the Stern VSC-VSP model can describe B adsorption over changing conditions of solution pH and B concentration. Boron desorption reactions often exhibit hysteresis. The rate of B desorption can be described using the first order rate equation, the Elovich reaction rate equation, and the power function equation.

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Reactions of boron with soils

The dynamics and transformations of micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, B and Mo) in soils, are governed by various factors like pH, EC, soil organic matter etc. Soil organic matter (SOM) is known to modify different physiochemical reactions that influence the available component of micronutrients. Soil organic matter favors reduced (lower redox potential) environment and enhances the accessibility of micronutrient cations in the soil. Also, SOM has direct and indirect impacts on nutrient transformations. Soil organic matter (SOM) also serves as source of soil organic carbon (SOC) comprising about 60% on a mass basis. Under reduced environment the addition of SOM increased complexed forms of micronutrients. Build-up of SOM in soil converts adsorbed fractions to more plant-accessible forms of micronutrients. Soil organic matter addition increases the water soluble and exchangeable forms of micronutrients in soil which further increase the uptake of micronutrients. High amount of SOM in soils assists the various reactions of micronutrients resulting in formation of more stable complexes of micronutrient. Soil organic matter binds more Zn, Cu, B and Mo compared to Fe and Mn because the former are less sensitive to redox changes. The accretion of organic matter near the soil surface increases transformations (towards adsorbed fractions) of Mn and Fe and possibly decreases the availability of Zn, Cu, B and Mo by causing their redistribution among other complex fractions.

Dynamics and transformations of micronutrients in agricultural soils as influenced by organic matter build-up: A review

Fly ash effect on improving soil properties and rice productivity in Korean paddy soils

The behaviour of boron (B) and its fate in the environment remains in many respects obscure. The major B sources and fluxes seem to have been identified, although there are many uncertainties about the magnitude and importance of each; published evaluations vary greatly. Little is known about B speciation of living matter-bearing formations, i.e. soils, natural waters, and sediments. Many authors suppose that B in nature occurs only as oxo-compounds, although, natural inorganic and organic B compounds and complexes have been described. Moreover, the most common approach to B biogeochemistry in terms of inorganic B compounds (as boric acid and borates) seems to oversimplify the matter. Data on the physiological functions of B are fragmentary and often contradictory. Some data exists on endemic symptoms and diseases among humans and grazing cattle that are supposedly triggered by B abundance in the natural environment. Unfortunately, the published data are scarce and vague. In this paper, we review the up-to date references on B sources, turnover, and speciation in the environment and the element potential impact on health.

Boron sources, speciation and its potential impact on health.

The effects of mineral and organic fertilization on the contents of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, B and Mo in soil and in the soil solution as well as on availability of these elements for crops were investigated in the long-term field trial The highest contents of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in soil and soil solution were observed in the treatment with the lowest pH (NPK) In this same combination the content of B and Mo was the lowest The concentration of Zn, B and Fe in the soil solution significantly increased under farmyard manure application Liming significantly decreased contents extractable by 1 mol/L HCl forms of Mn and Zn and significantly increase the content of Mo in the soil Regardless of fertilization applied, microelement concentrations in the soil solution are sufficient for fulfilling nutritional needs of plants cultivated during the trial

Soil micronutrient availability to crops affected by long-term inorganic and organic fertilizer applications

Complexes formed by coating a soil polysaccharide fraction on illite, montmorillonite and kaolinite, substantially reduced boron adsorption by the clay minerals at approximately neutral pH. This suggests that boron retention in soils is influenced by the occurrence of stable polysaccharide-clay complexes. Key words: boron adsorption, organo-clay complex, soil polysaccharide

Observations on the effect of a soil polysaccharide fraction on boron adsorption by clay minerals

The adsorption of B, in the form of boric acid, was studied on three precipitated humic acids (HA), representing three distinct soil types. B adsorption by HA was strongly pH-dependent, being low and relatively constant in the pH range 3.0–6.5, increasing markedly up to a peak at near pH 9.5, and then decreasing at still higher pH values. Adsorption isotherms for pH values near 6.7 and 8.8 conformed well to the Langmuir equation. The adsorption maxima (b values), as calculated with the Langmuir equation, ranged from 73 to 207 mmol kg−1 HA at a pH near 8.8, and from 10 to 42 mmol kg−1 at a pH near 6.7. The considerable variation in B adsorption by these HA samples was attributed to "Fe + Al" contents present as contaminants in the HA. The role of HA in B adsorption is expected to be minor in most acid and near neutral soils, but may be of greater significance in soils of high pH and above average organic matter content. Key words: Boron adsorption, boric acid, humic acid, Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Studies on the adsorption of boron on humic acids.

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Observations on the effect of a soil polysaccharide fraction on boron adsorption by clay minerals

Studies on the adsorption of boron on humic acids.