Plasma technology provides a sustainable, fossil-free method for N2 fixation, i.e., the conversion of inert atmospheric N2 into valuable substances, such as NOx or ammonia. In this work, we present...

Plasma-Based N2 Fixation into NOx: Insights from Modeling toward Optimum Yields and Energy Costs in a Gliding Arc Plasmatron

The chemistry of a pure CO2 glow discharge is modelled as a first step in description of CO2 lasers plasma-chemical reactions. The equilibrium conversion of CO2 into CO strongly depends on E/N ratio. It grows from few percent for E/N = 2 × 10−16 V cm2 to more then 70% for E/N ∼ 9 × 10−16 V cm2. The Xe values are only slightly influenced by the change of electron density and temperature. The role of ions and of the CO(a3II) excited electronic state in recombination of CO as well as of heterogeneous recombination is studied. The time required to reach the steady-state concentrations of chemical species in the system varies from few seconds for high E/N values up to hours in the other end of investigated region; it increases with the fall of discharge current and with the fall of E/N. Satisfactory agreement with experimental data is achieved.

Modeling of Plasma-Chemical Reactions in Gas Mixture of CO2 Lasers I. Gas Decomposition in Pure CO2 Glow Discharge

Levitated particles are a new powerful diagnostic of the midplasma sheath region. They can reveal features undetectable either to plasma or to surface measurements. The equilibrium position of microparticles suspended in an oxygen plasma sheath, together with a model of the levitation force and Langmuir probe measurements, gives evidence of secondary electropositive plasmas in the already established plasma sheath, in the range of parameters where the modified Bohm criterion breaks down into multiple solutions.

Diagnostics of the electronegative plasma sheath at low pressures using microparticles.

Research in plasma reactor designs is developing rapidly as plasma technology is gaining increasing interest for sustainable gas conversion applications, like the conversion of greenhouse gases into value-added chemicals and renewable fuels, and fixation of N2 from air into precursors of mineral fertilizer. As plasma is generated by electric power and can easily be switched on/off, these applications allows for efficient conversion and energy storage of intermittent renewable electricity. In this paper, we present a new comprehensive modelling approach for the design and development of gliding arc plasma reactors, which reveals the fluid dynamics, the arc behaviour and the plasma chemistry by solving a unique combination of five complementary models. This results in a complete description of the plasma process, which allows one to efficiently evaluate the performance of a reactor and indicate possible design improvements before actually building it. We demonstrate the capabilities of this method for an experimentally validated study of plasma-based NOx formation in a rotating gliding arc reactor, which is gaining increasing interest as a flexible, electricity-driven alternative for the Haber–Bosch process. The model demonstrates the importance of the vortex flow and the presence of a recirculation zone in the reactor, as well as the formation of hot spots in the plasma near the cathode pin and the anode wall that are responsible for most of the NOx formation. The model also reveals the underlying plasma chemistry and the vibrational non-equilibrium that exists due to the fast cooling during each arc rotation. Good agreement with experimental measurements on the studied reactor design proves the predictive capabilities of our modelling approach.

Sustainable gas conversion by gliding arc plasmas: a new modelling approach for reactor design improvement

The quantitative production of ozone (O3) with N2, O2, and Ar gas mixtures in an atmospheric pressure corona discharge (CD) is investigated. A five-part model is presented that explores the discharge conditions needed for optimum ozone production. One part of the model is the well-known relationship that correlates the discharge's voltage, frequency, gap, dielectric material, etc with the generator's yield. The four other parameter's revolve around the correct selection of the gas mixture, which subsequently effect's the discharge's ionization potential, continuum background, excitation of atomic and molecular species, and gas cooling efficiency. Varying the ratios of the three basic components of air (N2, O2) and Ar) is demonstrated to have a pronounced effect on ozone production in a modified CD.

Gas mixtures and ozone production in an electrical discharge

In a dc glow discharge in oxygen, the concentrations of minor components of O2(a1Δg), O2(b1 Σg), O3, O(1D), as well as nagative ions and electrons have been measured. Balance equations have been derived which describe satisfactorily the stationary concentrations of these components as functions of gas pressure and discharge current. For the first time, the rate constants of important aeronomical reactions (a) O− + O2(a1Δg) O3 + e, (b) O2− + O2(a1Δg) 2O2 + e and (c) e + O3 O2− +O have been measured as functions of gas temperature T and mean energies of ions Ei and electron E6: Ka = (2.5 ± 0.5) · 10−9 · (T/300)4 ± 0.4· (Ei/0.04)−2.6 ± 0.4 cm3/s for T = 385−605 K and Ei = 0.10 − 0.66 eV; Kb = (1.0 ± 0.3) · 10−10 · (T/300)−2 ± 0.5 · (Ei/0.04)0.23 ± 0.05 cm3/s for T = 330−605 K and Ei = 0.09 + 1.5 eV; Kc for Ee = 0.8÷5 eV.

Negative Ions, Ozone, and Metastable Components in dc Oxygen Glow Discharge

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Negative Ions, Ozone, and Metastable Components in dc Oxygen Glow Discharge