The objective was to determine the effects of exercise training on changes in blood immune function in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Fifty-three postmenopausal breast cancer survivors wer...

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/japplphysiol.00566.2004

Randomized controlled trial of exercise and blood immune function in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.

Regular physical activity is the prime modality for the prevention of numerous non-communicable diseases and has also been advocated for resilience against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. However, there is currently no systematic and quantitative evidence synthesis of the association between physical activity and the strength of the immune system. To examine the association between habitual physical activity and (1) the risk of community-acquired infectious disease, (2) laboratory‐assessed immune parameters, and (3) immune response to vaccination. We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched seven databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus) up to April 2020 for randomised controlled trials and prospective observational studies were included if they compared groups of adults with different levels of physical activity and reported immune system cell count, the concentration of antibody, risk of clinically diagnosed infections, risk of hospitalisation and mortality due to infectious disease. Studies involving elite athletes were excluded. The quality of the selected studies was critically examined following the Cochrane guidelines using ROB2 and ROBINS_E. Data were pooled using an inverse variance random-effects model. Higher level of habitual physical activity is associated with a 31% risk reduction (hazard ratio 0.69, 95% CI 0.61–0.78, 6 studies, N = 557,487 individuals) of community-acquired infectious disease and 37% risk reduction (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.59–0.70, 4 studies, N = 422,813 individuals) of infectious disease mortality. Physical activity interventions resulted in increased CD4 cell counts (32 cells/µL, 95% CI 7–56 cells/µL, 24 studies, N = 1112 individuals) and salivary immunoglobulin IgA concentration (standardised mean difference 0.756, 95% CI 0.146–1.365, 7 studies, N = 435 individuals) and decreased neutrophil counts (704 cells/µL, 95% CI 68–1340, 6 studies, N = 704 individuals) compared to controls. Antibody concentration after vaccination is higher with an adjunct physical activity programme (standardised mean difference 0.142, 95% CI 0.021–0.262, 6 studies, N = 497 individuals). Regular, moderate to vigorous physical activity is associated with reduced risk of community-acquired infectious diseases and infectious disease mortality, enhances the first line of defence of the immune system, and increases the potency of vaccination. The original protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020178825).

/pdf/effects-of-regular-physical-activity-on-the-immune-system-3zv8kjh64y.pdf

Effects of Regular Physical Activity on the Immune System, Vaccination and Risk of Community-Acquired Infectious Disease in the General Population: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials quantifies the effect of aerobic exercise on VO2max (aerobic fitness) among sedentary older adults and examines the associations of such magnitude with variables of intervention. Forty-one trials including 2102 older subjects (within-group mean age of 60 years and older) were identified by searches of databases, hand searching, and cross-referencing. Outcomes were homogeneous. The pooled standardized effect size by a fixed-effect model showed a higher moderate effect (mean +/- SEM) of 0.64+/-0.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.73; p<0.001, representing a net increase in VO2max (mean +/- SEM) of 3.78+/-0.28 mL.kg-1.min-1; 95% confidence interval, 3.24-4.33; or a 16.3% improvement, compared with control groups. Greater improvement in VO2max was associated with training length more than 20 weeks and training intensity of approximately 60% but less than 70% of VO2max. Endurance training improves aerobic fitness in older adults, thus providing protective benefits for cardiovascular aging and quality of later life.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0197-3118.2005.04324.x

Controlled endurance exercise training and VO2max changes in older adults: a meta-analysis

Background The purpose of this investigation was to identify a quantitative dose–response relationship for enhancing maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in healthy sedentary older adults after controlled endurance trainingMethods and results This meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials included 1257 exercisers and 845 controls with a mean age of 6745 ± 525 years Effect sizes were calculated for training-induced VO2max changes Different training regimens were analyzed and compared The weighted net change of the mean VO2max values showed a significant increase of 378 ml/kg per min (95% confidence interval = 329 to 427; p < 00001) in response to aerobic training Interstudy differences in VO2max changes were significantly related to exercise intensity, and explained approximately 11% of the variance of the VO2max responses VO2max improved significantly at 35%–50% heart rate reserve (HRR) and continued improving at a greater rate with increasing “dose” The largest VO2max-improvement adaptation

Dose–response relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness adaptation to controlled endurance training in sedentary older adults

Pharmacologic manipulation of the immune system is emerging as a viable and robust treatment for some cancer patients. Exercise-induced modulation of the immune system may be another adjunctive strategy for inhibiting tumor initiation and progression. In healthy individuals, exercise has been shown to modulate a number of cell subsets involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge pertaining to exercise modulation of the inflammation-immune axis in cancer. The current evidence suggests that exercise may be a promising adjunctive strategy that can favorably alter numerous components of the immune system, which, in turn, may modulate tumorigenesis. However, many important knowledge gaps are evident. To this end, we propose a framework to guide future research efforts investigating the immune effects of exercise in cancer.

Exercise in Regulation of Inflammation-Immune Axis Function in Cancer Initiation and Progression.

Background: Immune function decreases with age, rendering the elderly more susceptible to infection and tumor development. In addition, intense exercise has been shown to decrease i

Effects of endurance training on selected parameters of immune function in elderly women.

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Effects of endurance training on selected parameters of immune function in elderly women.