Volatility of Eleven Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Adsorption of benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), dinitramine (N 4,N 4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline], oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N 4,N 4-dipropylsulfanilamide), profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-tri-fluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) was studied in 10 Wisconsin soils. Ratios of the quantity of each herbicide adsorbed and quantities remaining in the soil solution at equilibrium (Kd value) on a Piano silt loam (Typic Argiudoll fine-silty, mixed, mesic) remained relatively constant over a range of concentrations. Herbicide adsorption by the soils was related more closely to soil organic matter than to the other soil chemical and physical properties. Diffusion of the herbicides in Piano silt loam was affected by soil water. Diffusion of trifluralin, profluralin and benefin decreased as soil water increased. Diffusion of dinitramine and fluchloralin did not change significantly with change in water content. Diffusion of oryzalin increased at the highest soil water content. None of the herbicides moved more than 10 mm in the soil during a 17-day period. In unsaturated Piano silt loam, relative mobility of the herbicides was trifluralin ≥benefin>profluralin>fluchloralin>dinitramine≥oryzalin. Oryzalin reached highest mobility in water-saturated soil.

Adsorption and Diffusion of Dinitroaniline Herbicides in Soils

The influence of soil moisture on wild oat control from soil-incorporated methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy] propanoic} was determined in the greenhouse. Wild oat control with soil-incorporated diclofop at 1.5 or 3 ppmw increased linearly when soil moisture in a Tiffany sandy loam increased from 18.5 to 23.5% (75% to 125% of field capacity). The efficacy of soil-incorporated diclofop was not reduced when soil moisture was allowed to decrease from 21 (field capacity) to 18.5, 16, 13.5, or 11% (wilting point) before rewatering to 21%. The soil moisture level at the time of herbicide application determined the degree of wild oat control with soil-incorporated diclofop. Wild oat control with diclofop increased when a Tiffany sandy loam with 16% moisture (50% of field capacity) at the time of herbicide application, was watered to field capacity after 8 or 12 days delay, and control did not change with watering to field capacity at the time of herbicide application or when delayed 4 or 16 days. The movement of 14C-diclofop in soil columns was greater within coarse than fine textured soils and increased with water volumes applied, regardless of soil type. Further, the leachability of 14C-diclofop was two and a half times greater than that of 14C-trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine).

Influence of Moisture on Soil-Incorporated Diclofop

Experiments were conducted in controlled environmental chambers to determine the influence of temperature on the phytotoxicity of seven soil-applied herbicides. Diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} soil incorporated or surface applied, was more toxic to wild oat (Avena fatua L.) shoots at 10 and 17 C than at 24 C. Efficacy of diclofop was enhanced with soil incorporation. Diclofop toxicity to wild oat roots was not influenced by a change in temperature. EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) stimulated sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L. ‘American Crystal Hybrid B’) shoot dry weight production at 10 C and caused dry weight reduction at 24 C. Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] toxicity to barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Larker’) and alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] toxicity to oats (Avena sativa L. ‘Chief’) increased with increased temperature from 10 to 17 C. Temperatures within the range of 10 to 24 C did not affect trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) toxicity to barley or BAY-5653 [N-(2-benzothiazolyl)-N-methylurea] or chloamben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) toxicity to oats.

Temperature Effect of Phytotoxicity of Soil-Applied Herbicides

Factors Influencing Corn (Zea mays) Tolerance to Trifluralin

Mechanism of Trifluralin Diffusion in Silt Loam Soil

In the range of 4.4 to 49 C, there is an exponential relationship between temperature and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) diffusion coefficients. Diffusion is low in air-dry soil for all temperatures. It increases to a maximum value when the soil has between 8 and 15% w/w soil moisture content and then decreases steadily as moisture content increases. When the air-filled fraction of soil void space is reduced below approximately 40% v/v by either compression or addition of moisture, diffusion begins to decrease. An equation was developed to predict trifluralin diffusion coefficients from a factorial experiment with seven soil moisture contents, five soil temperatures, and two bulk densities. Diffusion coefficients range from 3.8 X 10-11 cm2/sec to 2.8 X 10-6 cm2/sec. Fifteen terms are required in the prediction model to describe accurately the response surface of trifluralin diffusion coefficients. With the equation it is possible to predict trifluralin diffusion coefficients for any combination of measured soil parameters as long as they are represented by the range of the variables used in the experiment.

Prediction of Trifluralin Diffusion Coefficients

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Mechanism of Trifluralin Diffusion in Silt Loam Soil

Prediction of Trifluralin Diffusion Coefficients