The selective advantage of chemical defenses is evident by its occurrence in many groups of organisms. Toxic and unpalatable substances are often employed by organisms to avoid predators, parasites, and infections. Among anurans, poison frogs of the family Dendrobatidae are a well-studied example of a system involving acquired antipredator defenses. In this group, the sequestration of toxic and unpalatable substances has evolved multiple times, exemplifying its selective advantage. However, the poison frog phenotype is complex, involving chemical sequestration, accumulation, and autoresistance. Here, we present a summary of the ecological and evolutionary contexts underlying the origin and maintenance of chemical defenses across Dendrobatidae. Then, we review aspects of the pharmacokinetics of acquiring defensive substances in these amphibians. Finally, we consider some approaches to uncover the basis of toxin autoresistance and future prospects for research in these areas.

A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance

FEAR, Spontaneity, and Artifact in Economic Escape Theory: A Review and Prospectus William E. Cooper, Jr. *, Diogo S.M. Samiax, Daniel T. Blumstein{ *Department of Biology, Indiana University and Purdue University, Fort Wayne, IN, USA xLaboratory of Theoretical Ecology and Synthesis, Federal University of Goi as, Goîania, Brazil {Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Corresponding author: e-mail address: cooperw@ipfw.edu

Chapter Five - FEAR, Spontaneity, and Artifact in Economic Escape Theory: A Review and Prospectus

Flight initiation distance and escape behavior in the black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros)

Risk of predation shapes the physiology, behavior, and demography of prey. Among the many studies that have examined effects of risk in ungulates, most have focused on large (> 40kg) and gregarious species. Much less is known about the effect of risk on smaller or territorial ungulates, which is a diverse group of species that can have pronounced effects on plant communities in tropical ecosystems. Using GPS telemetry, we examined spatial responses of Guenther's dik-dik (Madoqua guentheri) to scent marks from a common predator (African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus) or cattle. In response to predator scent marks, dik-diks increased fidelity within territories, avoided scent marks, and decreased use of overstory cover. Similar behaviors occurred in response to cattle scent marks, with the exception that use of overstory cover relative to controls did not change. Total amount (length) of movement did not change in response to either type of scent mark. Thus, an increase in perceived risk of predation changed the...

/pdf/an-experimental-study-on-risk-effects-in-a-dwarf-antelope-9wbqpdpam2.pdf

An experimental study on risk effects in a dwarf antelope, Madoqua guentheri

The ability of lizards to identify an artificial Batesian mimic.

Clay models have been used to investigate the relative antipredator effectiveness of cryptic and of aposematic coloration in litter frogs, but such studies do not account for possible differences in prey escape behavior. We examined the escape behaviors of two litter frogs, the cryptic Craugastor bransfordii and the brightly colored and toxic Oophaga pumilio, in response to a human predator. For all individuals, we measured the distance between the frog and the observer at the instant of flight and the distance between frog's initial and final positions in the field. The cryptic C. bransfordii had a shorter flight initiation distance than did nonvocalizing individuals of the brightly colored O. pumilio. In addition, we noted that vocalizing O. pumilio males had a shorter flight initiation distance than did either nonvocalizing male or female O. pumilio. These findings demonstrate that a cryptic and an aposematic litter frog differ in their escape response to a predator. These results also suggest...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/41415304

Differences in Escape Behavior between a Cryptic and an Aposematic Litter Frog

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Differences in Escape Behavior between a Cryptic and an Aposematic Litter Frog