Annual beets in the genus Beta section Beta represent an important genetic resource. Representative accessions of annual beets from a beet germplasm collection were analysed using RAPD to assess the patterns of variation and relationships among them. Using arbitrary primers, markers showing variation across accessions were identified. A dendrogram of similarity was produced using these molecular markers. All the accessions analysed were classified into three major groups corresponding to species or subspecies macrocarpa, adanensis and maritima. Macrocarpa was shown to be the most divergent group in this section. Using RAPD molecular markers, it was possible to ascribe an accession to one of three taxonomic groups and overcome much of the confusion encountered when morphological traits are used for identification. The group of maritima was found to be more polymorphic than either the group of macrocarpa or adanensis at both accession and subspecies levels.

The taxonomic characterisation of annual Beta germplasm in a genetic resources collection using RAPD markers

The traits of Beta maritima have been reviewed and summarized from a number of recent and classical publications dealing with the ecology, morphology, and whole-plant physiology of the species. Because few papers have been written only on sea beet, B. maritima, most information comes from cultivated forms of Beta vulgaris. A striking feature of B. maritima gleaned from this review is how variable and adaptive it is. The species is fairly plastic allowing it to live in many different environments. This capacity for adaptation has been correlated with its breeding system, which allows sea beet to rapidly change reproduction systems, flowering time, life span, etc. according to the local environmental conditions. This is most evident to the observer in the differences between the Mediterranean populations with easy bolting, short life cycles, and those from the sea coasts of northwest Europe. This chapter provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of the plant and populations to answer the question: “What is B. maritima?”

Morphology, Physiology, and Ecology

The organization of the mitochondrial genome of B3, B4 and B5generations of hybrids created by backcrossing sterile wild beet Betamaritima with a fertile O-type sugar beet line was studied usingrestriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Random amplifiedpolymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to study restoration of the fertile(O-type) sugar beet genotype in hybrids after multiple backcrossings.Restriction of mtDNAs from the cytoplasm of B. maritimaandhybrids revealed BamHI, EcoRI andXhoI restriction patterns different from those for sterileand fertile sugar beet lines. The most conspicuous feature of our accession ofsterile wild beet mtDNA was the absence of the 10.7-kbEcoRI fragment detected in the cytoplasm of S-type sterileB. maritima and sugar beet. The hybridization of digestedmtDNAs with coxII, atpA andatp6 homologous probes revealed alterations within thesegene loci that distinguished wild beet and hybrids from sugar beets.Characteristic hybridization profiles for the wild beet and B3, B4 and B5hybrids were observed for all probes regardless of the restrictase used todigest mtDNA. Notable changes in atpA andatp6 genes resulted when probes that comprised the5′flanking sequences of these genes and a small part of the coding sequences wereused. RFLP analysis of the sterile B. maritimamitochondrial genome further supported the unique character of this source ofwild beet sterility. The genotypic differences between hybrids and parentalaccessions were determined by scoring PCR-RAPD reaction products for nineselected primers. The diversity of the B. maritimagenotyperesulted in a lower genetic similarity index in comparison with hybrids,sterileand fertile lines of sugar beet. The dendrogram obtained after cluster analysisdistinguished hybrids as a group that differed from wild beet and themaintainersugar beet line used for backcrossing. These results may indicate incompleterestoration of the fertile sugar beet genotype in hybrids.

Cytoplasmic male sterility in hybrids of sterile wild beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) and O-type fertile sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.): molecular analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from sugar beet carrying fertile (F) and male sterile (CMS) cytoplasms, and from male sterile accession of Beta maritima collected in Brittany (France) were characterized and compared by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Southern hybridization with coxII. The F and CMS cytoplasms could be clearly distinguished from each other by RFLP when XhoI, EcoRI and BamHI endonucleases were used. Southern hybridization with the coxII gene provided further evidence that mitochondrial genome organization differs between fertile and sterile plants. All cytoplasmic male sterile lines from different breeding stations showed the same restriction and hybridization patterns, which confirms the uniformity of mitochondrial genomes within the materials used for hybrid seed production in several European countries. No visible differences were found between the maintainer lines studied. However, comparisons of XhoI restriction profiles of mtDNA from maintainer lines and from fertile monogerm populations revealed slight differences, which were reflected by the appearance of a unique 0.9 kb fragment in the latter.



Analysis of mtDNA from male sterile plants of the wild beet B. maritima showed different restriction and hybridization patterns in comparison with normal and sterile sugar beet cytoplasms. This shows the unique nature of cytoplasmic male sterility in this species.

Molecular characterization of fertile and sterile cytoplasms in Beta spp.

The primitive (transient) forms and wild varieties of beet are related to cultivated beet (sugar, table, fodder and mangold), have the useful proper-ties, can be crossed with cultivated beet and used in breeding programs. However, there are some difficulties in estimating the status of beet samples and pro-cedure for their storage in gene banks, which are caused by problems in beet taxonomy and systematics. In particular, a correct discrimination of Вeta maritima vs В. vulgaris is hard to accomplish, and also the distinctions between В. maritimа and В. adanensis or В. macrocarpa are difficult to identify. With the use of classical morphobiological analysis and molecular RAPD-markers, the authors for the first time determined the phylogenetic relation-ships between different specimens of wild, primitive and cultivated Beta L. from world collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Plant Growing (VIR). On the basis of electrophoresis data, by means of UPGMA method the tested samples were clustered and phylogenetic trees created. The obtained data suggest the phylogenetic division of Beta L. genus, which have been proposed by V.I. Burenin in 1983, and indicate an accuracy of this clas-sification. Keywords: species of Beta L. genus, RAPD analysis, phylogenetic interactions.

/pdf/rapd-analysis-of-collection-accessions-of-the-genus-beta-l-3r6vaib08r.pdf

RAPD ANALYSIS OF COLLECTION ACCESSIONS OF THE GENUS Beta L. SPECIES

CMS plants originating from natural populations on stony beaches of the Brittany Peninsula in France we re crossed with sugar beet O-type plants in order to incorporate the sterile cytoplasm from wild subspecies to sugar beet. F 1 , B 1 , B 2 , and B3 generations have been obtained. Pollen sterility from these hybrids has been found to be induced by both cytoplasmic and genetic factors. Studies of meiosis have shown that meiotic divisions proceeded normally with only small deviations until the tetrad stage, followed by the degeneration of the pollen grain. In the F I and B ~ generations, all plants were self-sterile with white stamens lacking viable pollen, suggesting dominance of the wild morphological features. A great variation in degree of pollen sterility and morphological features were found in the B2 generations. Full sterility was found in some of the analyzed progenies. It can be assumed that the variation is due to the degree of recombination with nuclear genes from wild subspecies, and that the maintainer nuclear genes from sugar beet O-type are similar but not the same as in Beta maritima.

http://www.assbt-jsbr.org/JSBR/Vol30/JSBRVol30No4P253to260UtilizingMaleSterilityfromBetaMaritimainSugarbeetBreeding.pdf

Utilizing Male Sterility from Beta maritima in Sugarbeet Breeding

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Utilizing Male Sterility from Beta maritima in Sugarbeet Breeding