Composites have been found to be the most promising and discerning material available in this century. Presently, composites reinforced with fibers of synthetic or natural materials are gaining more importance as demands for lightweight materials with high strength for specific applications are growing in the market. Fiber-reinforced polymer composite offers not only high strength to weight ratio, but also reveals exceptional properties such as high durability; stiffness; damping property; flexural strength; and resistance to corrosion, wear, impact, and fire. These wide ranges of diverse features have led composite materials to find applications in mechanical, construction, aerospace, automobile, biomedical, marine, and many other manufacturing industries. Performance of composite materials predominantly depends on their constituent elements and manufacturing techniques, therefore, functional properties of various fibers available worldwide, their classifications, and the manufacturing techniques used to fabricate the composite materials need to be studied in order to figure out the optimized characteristic of the material for the desired application. An overview of a diverse range of fibers, their properties, functionality, classification, and various fiber composite manufacturing techniques is presented to discover the optimized fiber-reinforced composite material for significant applications. Their exceptional performance in the numerous fields of applications have made fiber-reinforced composite materials a promising alternative over solitary metals or alloys.

/pdf/fiber-reinforced-polymer-composites-manufacturing-properties-f0ipegmttq.pdf

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Manufacturing, Properties, and Applications.

We have developed a method for the three-dimensional (3D) printing of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics based on fused-deposition modeling. The technique enables direct 3D fabrication without the use of molds and may become the standard next-generation composite fabrication methodology. A thermoplastic filament and continuous fibers were separately supplied to the 3D printer and the fibers were impregnated with the filament within the heated nozzle of the printer immediately before printing. Polylactic acid was used as the matrix while carbon fibers, or twisted yarns of natural jute fibers, were used as the reinforcements. The thermoplastics reinforced with unidirectional jute fibers were examples of plant-sourced composites; those reinforced with unidirectional carbon fiber showed mechanical properties superior to those of both the jute-reinforced and unreinforced thermoplastics. Continuous fiber reinforcement improved the tensile strength of the printed composites relative to the values shown by conventional 3D-printed polymer-based composites.

/pdf/three-dimensional-printing-of-continuous-fiber-composites-by-3lokeutgr8.pdf

Three-dimensional printing of continuous-fiber composites by in-nozzle impregnation.

The versatile characteristic of epoxy and its diversity made it suitable for different industrial applications such as laminated circuit board, electronic component encapsulations, surface coatings, potting, fiber reinforcement, and adhesives. However, the pervasive applications in many high-performance field limited the epoxy use because of their delamination, low impact resistance, inherent brittleness, and fracture toughness behavior. The limitations of epoxy can be overcome by incorporation and modification before their industrial applications. Currently, modified epoxy resins are extensively used in fabrication of natural fiber-reinforced composites and in making its different industrial products because of their superior mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Present review article designed to be a comprehensive source of recent literature on epoxy structure, synthesis, modified epoxy, bio-epoxy resin, and its applications. This review article also aims to cover the recent advances in natur...

/pdf/recent-advances-in-epoxy-resin-natural-fiber-reinforced-50vpfag6rz.pdf

Recent advances in epoxy resin, natural fiber-reinforced epoxy composites and their applications

The mechanical and biological properties of bone implants need to be optimal to form a quick and firm connection with the surrounding environment in load bearing applications. Bone is a connective tissue composed of an organic collagenous matrix, a fine dispersion of reinforcing inorganic (calcium phosphate) nanocrystals, and bone-forming and -degrading cells. These different components have a synergistic and hierarchical structure that renders bone tissue properties unique in terms of hardness, flexibility and regenerative capacity. Metallic and polymeric materials offer mechanical strength and/or resilience that are required to simulate bone tissue in load-bearing applications in terms of maximum load, bending and fatigue strength. Nevertheless, the interaction between devices and the surrounding tissue at the implant interface is essential for success or failure of implants. In that respect, coatings can be applied to facilitate the process of bone healing and obtain a continuous transition from living tissue to the synthetic implant. Compounds that are inspired by inorganic (e.g., hydroxyapatite crystals) or organic (e.g., collagen, extracellular matrix components, enzymes) components of bone tissue, are the most obvious candidates for application as implant coating to improve the performance of bone implants. This review provides an overview of recent trends and strategies in surface engineering that are currently investigated to improve the biological performance of bone implants in terms of functionality and biological efficacy.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/2/3/95/pdf

Surface Engineering for Bone Implants: A Trend from Passive to Active Surfaces

Great deal of research is still going on in the field of orthopedic and craniofacial implant development to resolve various issues being faced by the industry today. Despite several disadvantages of the metallic implants, they continue to be used, primarily because of their superior mechanical properties. In order to minimize the harmful effects of the metallic implants and its by-products, several modifications are being made to these materials, for instance nickel-free stainless steel, cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys are being introduced to eliminate the toxic effects of nickel being released from the alloys, introduce metallic implants with lower modulus, reduce the cost of these alloys by replacing rare elements with less expensive elements etc. New alloys like tantalum, niobium, zirconium, and magnesium are receiving attention given their satisfying mechanical and biological properties. Non-oxide ceramics like silicon nitride and silicon carbide are being currently developed as a promising implant material possessing a combination of properties such as good wear and corrosion resistance, increased ductility, good fracture and creep resistance, and relatively high hardness in comparison to alumina. Polymer/magnesium composites are being developed to improve mechanical properties as well as retain polymer's property of degradation. Recent advances in orthobiologics are proving interesting as well. This paper thus deals with the latest improvements being made to the existing implant materials and includes new materials being introduced in the field of biomaterials.

/pdf/an-overview-of-recent-advances-in-designing-orthopedic-and-4ypnjmscho.pdf

An overview of recent advances in designing orthopedic and craniofacial implants.

The use of composite materials in modern orthopaedic medicine and prosthetic devices: A review

/pdf/on-prepreg-properties-and-manufacturability-1kne7ij45l.pdf

On prepreg properties and manufacturability

Air entrapped during the material deposition stage of prepreg layup can contribute to voidage in the cured laminate, which is a major factor in determining the quality of the resulting laminates and components. Removal of this entrapped air is therefore a priority to achieve maximum part performance. To date, there does not appear to have been any consistent study of the processes by which voids can be entrapped. This paper seeks to address this by presenting direct observations of the contact between a glass tool surface and the first ply of carbon fiber prepreg laid down onto it. The entrapment of air between the tool and ply is investigated, in terms of its distribution and evolution during debulk under vacuum at room temperature. A counterintuitive inverse relationship between initial area of contact and the final level of entrapped air was observed, with higher levels of initial contact leading to higher final levels of entrapped air. An initial examination was also carried out to review the ...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/2055035914Y.0000000005

On the evolution of the distribution of entrapped air at the tool/first ply interf‘ace during lay-up and debulk

This study considers the effect of pressure in the hand layup and vacuum bagging processes. Firstly, the layup method is considered. The use of rollers is common shop-floor practice, but the results presented suggest that rolling plies can lead to areas of trapped air in laminates, as visualised by laying up a ply on a glass plate. The bagging process, designed to remove air and aid consolidation is a further opportunity for introducing variability in manufacture. Using a pressure mapping system, common bagging defects such as bridging and wrinkling are examined in the context of their effect on part quality. It is shown that bag pressure is far from hydrostatic when these features are present.

A study of the pressure distribution in the hand layup and vacuum bagging processes

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Papers

The use of composite materials in modern orthopaedic medicine and prosthetic devices: A review

On prepreg properties and manufacturability

On the evolution of the distribution of entrapped air at the tool/first ply interf‘ace during lay-up and debulk

A study of the pressure distribution in the hand layup and vacuum bagging processes