In a strictly defined sample of competition studies using controlled field experiments, covering 215 species and 527 experiments, competition was found in most of the studies, in somewhat more than half of the species, and in about two-fifths of the experiments. In most of these experiments interspecific competition was not distinguished from intraspecific competition. In the few studies in which the two were separated, interspecific competition was the stronger form in about onesixth of all experiments done. When competition was demonstrated, intraspecific competition was as strong or stronger than interspecific in three-quarters of the experiments. Some evidence from this literature survey suggests that negative results may be underrepresented, so that the absolute values of these figures may be too high. Since this bias should apply also to studies of all taxa, habitats, or other interactions it should not greatly affect estimates of the relative prevalence of competition. Since these estimates come fr...

On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments

CHAPTER 12 – Competition and Facilitation among Plants for Pollination

Although sexual interactions between species (reproductive interference) have been reported from a wide range of animal taxa, their potential for determining species coexistence is often disregarded. Here, we review evidence from laboratory and field studies illustrating that heterospecific sexual interactions are frequently associated with fitness loss and can have severe ecological and evolutionary consequences. We define reproductive interference as any kind of interspecific interaction during the process of mate acquisition that adversely affects the fitness of at least one of the species involved and that is caused by incomplete species recognition. We distinguish seven types of reproductive interference: signal jamming, heterospecific rivalry, misdirected courtship, heterospecific mating attempts, erroneous female choice, heterospecific mating, and hybridization. We then discuss the sex-specific costs of these types and highlight two typical features of reproductive interference: density-de...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/590510

Reproductive interference between animal species

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of competition theory, which has traditionally included three stages: inferences drawn from observation of natural populations, construction of mathematical models, and laboratory experiments designed to test elements of competitive interactions in controlled environments. Interference to any activity either directly or indirectly limits a competitor's access to a necessary resource or requirement. Different types of evidence are assigned for competition in nature. Principal categories are mutually exclusive spatial distributions without supporting evidence of a competitive interaction, observed or inferred ecological displacement in sympatric populations, and induced changes in distribution pattern. A considerable amount of ambiguity exists in interpretations of the results of interspecies competition. It is necessary to distinguish between maximum exploitation of the available resources by one species, and equitable utilization of the resources and possible coexistence in a mixed species system. The chapter suggests two major sources of species diversity. When competition is primarily through exploitation and the system is under strong environmental control, it is likely that fluctuations in factors affecting reproduction and survival will continually alter the outcome of the competitive interaction, allowing coexistence of mixed species populations.

Pattern and Process in Competition

In the environment, bacteria live in complex multispecies communities. These communities span in scale from small, multicellular aggregates to billions or trillions of cells within the gastrointestinal tract of animals. The dynamics of bacterial communities are determined by pairwise interactions that occur between different species in the community. Though interactions occur between a few cells at a time, the outcomes of these interchanges have ramifications that ripple through many orders of magnitude, and ultimately affect the macroscopic world including the health of host organisms. In this review we cover how bacterial competition influences the structures of bacterial communities. We also emphasize methods and insights garnered from culture-dependent pairwise interaction studies, metagenomic analyses, and modeling experiments. Finally, we argue that the integration of multiple approaches will be instrumental to future understanding of the underlying dynamics of bacterial communities.

/pdf/bacterial-communities-interactions-to-scale-114y68fj98.pdf

Bacterial Communities: Interactions to Scale.

The various meanings of "competition" in ecology, genetics and evolution are grouped into four main meanings which differ in important respects from each other. They grade from a strict meaning to one so broad as to be synonymous with natural selection. In the strict sense competition between animals occurs when a number of animals (of the same or of different species) utilize common resources the supply of which is short; or if the resources are not in short supply competition occurs when the animals seeking that resource nevertheless harm one or another in the process. Intermediate between the strict and the broad meanings are two others. One includes any interference of one species by another irrespective of whether they use common resources or not, and the other includes predation within the meaning of competition. Each of the four meanings of competition is illustrated with examples. A distinction is made between the influence of one species on the numbers of another and the influence of one genotype...

The Meanings of Competition

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The Meanings of Competition