We have developed a wearable radiation sensor using Cs 2 LiYCl 6 :Ce (CLYC) for simultaneous gamma-ray and neutron detection. The system includes two ∅ 2.5 × 2.5 cm 3 crystals coupled to small, metal-body photomultiplier tubes. A custom, low-power electronics base digitizes the output signal at three time points and enables both pulse height and pulse shape discrimination of gamma rays and neutrons. The total counts, anomaly detection metrics, and identified isotopes are displayed on a small screen. Users may leave the device in unattended mode to collect long-dwell energy spectra. The system stores up to 18 h of one-second data, including energy spectra, and may transfer the data to a remote computer via a wired or wireless connection. The prototype is 18 × 13 × 7.5 cm 3 , weighs 1.3 kg, not including the protective pouch, and runs on six AA alkaline batteries for 29 h with the wireless link active, or 41 h with the wireless link disabled. In this paper, we summarize the system design and present characterization results from the detector modules. The energy resolution is about 6.5% full width at half maximum at 662 keV due to the small photomultiplier tube selected, and the linearity and pulse shape discrimination performance are very good.

/pdf/a-wearable-sensor-based-on-clyc-scintillators-4szmhfhqk5.pdf

A wearable sensor based on CLYC scintillators

Cs 2 LiLaBr 6 :Ce 3+ (CLLB) is an elpasolite scintillator that offers excellent linearity and gamma-ray energy resolution and sensitivity to thermal neutrons with the ability to perform pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) to distinguish gammas and neutrons. Our investigation of CLLB has indicated the presence of intrinsic radioactive alpha background that we have determined to be from actinium contamination of the lanthanum component. We measured the pulse shapes for gamma, thermal neutron, and alpha events and determined that PSD can be performed to separate the alpha background with a moderate figure of merit of 0.98. We also measured the electron-equivalent-energy of the alpha particles in CLLB and simulated the intrinsic alpha background from 227 Ac to determine the quenching factor of the alphas. A linear quenching relationship L α = E α × q + L 0 was found at alpha particle energies above 5 MeV, with a quenching factor q = 0.71 MeVee / MeV and an offset L 0 = − 1.19 MeVee .

Pulse-shape discrimination and energy quenching of alpha particles in Cs2LiLaBr6:Ce3+

Compact readout of a large ( 5 × 5 × 5 cm 3 ) CLYC scintillator was demonstrated with a 8 × 8 array of 6mm silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs, specifically, a SensL ArrayJ-60035-64P) and an optimized amplification and summing circuit. Read out by the SiPM array, the crystal yielded an energy resolution of 5.5% at 662 keV and a figure of merit of 3.5, equivalent to the performance achieved with a 3-inch Hamamatsu R6233-100 PMT. To reduce channel count and avoid individual amplification of each SiPM in the array, the standard outputs of 16 SiPMs were passively summed then amplified. A current feedback amplifier was used for each channel to provide the required fast response time. The four amplified channels were then passively summed resulting in a single signal channel. A custom laboratory setup, based on the PSD8C ASIC, was used to capture the output and provide time-gated integration for PSD computation. The compact volume, low bias voltage, and reduced mass of the SiPM array readout are desirable for space and national security applications.

Compact readout of large CLYC scintillators with silicon photomultipler arrays

The Space and Endo-Atmospheric Nudet (Nuclear Detonation) Surveillance Experimentation and Risk-Reduction (SENSER) project, scheduled to launch to geosynchronous orbit in 2019, contains several experimental and demonstration systems developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories to assess next-generation technologies for space-based national security missions. The CLYC experiment in SENSER will examine Cs 2 LiYCl 6 (CLYC) scintillators in the space environment. CLYC enables neutron and gamma-ray detection in a single instrument and better gamma energy resolution than traditional scintillators. The CLYC experiment will also investigate silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) photodetectors for additional SWaP reduction. In this paper, we present the CLYC experiment objectives, design, and results of initial laboratory tests of the partially-built system.

The SENSER CLYC experiment

Characterization of a medium-sized CLLB scintillator: single neutron/gamma detector for radiation monitoring

A new class of elpasolite scintillators has garnered recent attention due to the ability to perform as simultaneous gamma spectrometers and thermal neutron detectors. Such a dual-mode capability is made possible by pulse-shape discrimination (PSD), whereby the emission waveform profiles of gamma and neutron events are fundamentally unique. To take full advantage of these materials, we have developed the Compact Advanced Readout Electronics for Elpasolites (CAREE). This handheld instrument employs a multi-channel PSD-capable ASIC, custom micro-processor board, front-end electronics, power supplies, and a 2 in. photomultiplier tube for readout of the scintillator. The unit is highly configurable to allow for performance optimization amongst a wide sample of elpasolites which provide PSD in fundamentally different ways. We herein provide an introduction to elpasolites, then describe the motivation for the work, mechanical and electronic design, and preliminary performance results.

Handheld readout electronics to fully exploit the particle discrimination capabilities of elpasolite scintillators

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Handheld readout electronics to fully exploit the particle discrimination capabilities of elpasolite scintillators